Explain the process of photosynthesis in a plant in detail.
Answers
Answer:
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water. This glucose can be converted into pyruvate which releases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by cellular respiration. Oxygen is also formed.
Photosynthesis may be summarised by the word equation:
carbon dioxide + water arrow with sunlight and chlorophyll glucose + oxygen
The conversion of usable sunlight energy into chemical energy is associated with the action of the green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is a complex molecule. Several modifications of chlorophyll occur among plants and other photosynthetic organisms. All photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll a. Accessory pigments absorb energy that chlorophyll a does not absorb. Accessory pigments include chlorophyll b (also c, d, and e in algae and protistans), xanthophylls, and carotenoids (such as beta-carotene). Chlorophyll a absorbs its energy from the violet-blue and reddish orange-red wavelengths, and little from the intermediate (green-yellow-orange) wavelengths.
Stages of photosynthesis
When chlorophyll a absorbs light energy, an electron gains energy and is 'excited'. The excited electron is transferred to another molecule (called a primary electron acceptor). The chlorophyll molecule is oxidized (loss of electron) and has a positive charge. Photoactivation of chlorophyll a results in the splitting of water molecules and the transfer of energy to ATP and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP).
The chemical reactions involved include:
condensation reactions - responsible for water molecules splitting out, including phosphorylation (the addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound)
oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions involving electron transfer
Photosynthesis is a two stage process.
The Light dependent reactions, a light-dependent series of reactions which occur in the grana, and require the direct energy of light to make energy-carrier molecules that are used in the second process:
light energy is trapped by chlorophyll to make ATP (photophosphorylation)
at the same time water is split into oxygen, hydrogen ions and free electrons:
2H2O --> 4H+ + O2 + 4e- (photolysis)
the electrons then react with a carrier molecule nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), changing it from its oxidised state (NADP+) to its reduced state (NADPH):
NADP+ + 2e- + 2H+ --> NADPH + H+
The light-independent reactions, a light-independent series of reactions which occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts, when the products of the light reaction, ATP and NADPH, are used to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide (reduction); initially glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (a 3-carbon atom molecule) is formed
Explanation:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
It is a process in which plant first take carbon dioxide from air, water and minerals from roots and uses sunlight to produce food .............
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