Question

Explain the representation of symbols suggested by J.J. Berzelius with examples

Answer 1

A symbol is defined as an short hand sign or abbreviation for the representation of an elements.

Dalton Approach to assign Symbols:

---> Dalton used shape of Circle for assigning symbol for element.

О --- oxygen

Ο with dot inside -- Hydrogen

Ο with dark shade -- carbon

Ο with N alphabet - Nitrogen

Ο with I alphabet -- Iron

⊕-- Suphur

Please refer attachment

J.J Berzelius suggested that symbols of the elements can be written by English names.

1. For most of the elements , the first alphabet in the name of element is written in capital form and is taken as symbol for that element.

For eg: Oxygen –O

Sulphur --S

Carbon -- C

2. For some elements, the first letter written in capital form and next prominent letter written in smaller form the name of element is taken as its symbol.

Eg: Nickel : Ni

Neon--Ne

Calcium- Ca

Silicon- Si

Chromium-Cr

3. later Some elements were named on Latin name

For example:

Potassium - Latin Name - Kalium- K

Sodium- Latin Name- Natrium- Na

Gold- Aurum-Au

Silver-- Argentum- Ag

4. Some elements were represented based on country name, planet name or scientist names

For example:

Element- Bhorium- Scientist name - Bohr- Symbol- Bh

Element - Mendelevium- Scientist name- Mendeleev - Symbol- Md

Element - Indium--Country name- India- symbol- In

Element - francium- Country name- France- Fr

Element - Plutonium-Planet name- Pluto

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Dalton's symbols were not easy to memorize but they did have some benefits each symbol represented one atom and the formula of the compound was made up of the symbols of its elements, below are the examples of Dalton's symbols.

Oxygen H

Hydrogen N

Nitrogen C

Carbon S

Sulphur P

Phosphorous Au

Gold Pt

Platinum Ag

Silver Hg

Mercury Cu

Copper Fe

Iron Ni

Nickel Sn

Tin Pb

Lead Zn

Zinc Bi

Bismuth Sb

Silicon Y

Yttrium Be

Beryllium Zr

Zirconium

Few years later Dalton's theory was replaced by chemical symbols and formula of Berzelius which are still used till today's time.

Below are the examples of Berzelius symbols:

Aluminum Al

Argentum Ag

Arsenic As

Aurum Au

Barium Ba

Bismuth Bi

Boron B

Calcium Ca

Carbon C

Cerium Ce

Cobalt Co

Uranium U

Yttrium Y

Zinc Zn

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Answer By shreyas