explain the role of haider ali and tipu sultan in opposing british expansion of power
Answers
Explanation:
Haider Ali defeated British in First Anglo Mysore war.
The main causes of this war were Haider's ambition to drive the British away from the Carnatic and finally from India and the British realization of the threat posed to them by Haider. A tripartite alliance was formed against Haider by the British, the Nizam and the Marathas. Haider's success in breaking the alliance and declaration of war on the British. The war ended with the defeat of British. The panic-stricken Madras government concluded the humiliating Treaty of Madras in 1769 on the basis of mutual restitution of each other's territories and a defensive alliance between the two parties committing the English to help Hyder Ali in case he was attacked by another power.
Second Anglo Mysore War - Inconclusive - Treaty of Mangalore Signed.
In 1769, after suffering heavy losses in the the first Anglo-Mysore war, the British sued for peace. In the treaty both the parties agreed to help each other in case of an attack from a third party. However the terms of the treaty were not fulfilled by the Madras Government. The British refused to help Hyder Ali when Mysore was attacked by the Marathas in 1771. Hyder found that the French gave more support in terms of his military demands. So in 1780 when the English wanted to attack the French at Mahe, situated on the west coast of Mysore, Hyder Ali did not permit it. Therefore the English declared war against Hyder Ali.
Hyder Ali captures Arcot
Hyder Ali arranged a joint front with the Nizam and the Marathas. In July 1780, Hyder Ali with 80,000 men and 100 guns attacked Carnatic. In October 1780 he captured Arcot, defeating an English army under Colonel Braille. In the words used by Sir Alfred Lyall, "the fortunes of the English in India had fallen to their lowest watermark". Meanwhile Sir Eyre Coote, Commander-in-chief in India, sent by Warren Hastings detached the Raja of Berar, Mahadji Sindhi and Nizam from the alliance with the Hyder Ali.
Hyder Ali dies
Undaunted, Hyder Ali boldly continued the war with the British. But in November 1781, Sir Eyre Coote defeated Hyder Ali at Porto Nova. In January 1782, English captured Trincomali, the harbour of Ceylon from Dutch. In 1982, Hyder Ali inflicted a humiliating defeat on the British troops under Colonel Braithwaite. However Hyder was not destined to fight further. On December 7, 1782, Hyder Ali died leaving the unfinished task to his son Tipu Sultan.
Treaty of Mangalore
Like his father, Tipu Sultan, was a brave warrior and continued the war against the British. Brigadier Mathews, appointed by the Bombay Government was captured by Tipu in 1783. Then in November 1783, Colonel Fullarton captured Coimbatore. But absolute success eluded both the sides. Tired of the war, the two sides concluded the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784. According to the treaty, both the parties decided to restore each other's conquered territories and free all the prisoners. Thus the second round of struggle too proved inconclusive. Warren Hastings, however, did not like the terms of treaty, and the British did not gained anything from the war.
The treaty of Mangalore of 1784 between Tipu Sultan and the English was nothing but a hollow truce. When Lord Cornwallis came to India he was bound by Pitt's India Act to refrain from following a policy of war except for purely defensive purpose. Tipu Sultan was also not satisfied by the treaty of 1784 and so in 1787 sent an emissary to France and Constantinople for support. Cornwallis believed that Tipu allying himself with the French would strike against the English. So he worked on the anti-Tipu suspicions of the Nizams and Marathas. Cornwallis provoked Tipu by signing an agreement with the Nizams for help to recover the district of Balaghat which was in the possession of Mysore.
Treaty of Seringapatnam
The fighting was resumed in the summer of 1791. Tipu captured Coimbatore on November 3. But, Cornwallis, with the help of the army sent from Bombay, occupied all the forts in his path to Seringapatnam, where he arrived on February 5, 1792. Tipu displayed all his skills and offered tough resistance but soon realised the impossibility of carrying further the struggle. Tipu had to sue for peace and the Treaty of Seringapatnam concluded in March 1792. The treaty resulted in the surrender of nearly half of the Mysorean territory to the victorious allies. The British acquired Baramahal, Dindigul and Malabar while the Marathas got territory on the Tungabhadra side and the Nizams acquired the territories from the Krishna to beyond the Pennar. Tipu also had to pay a war indemnity of over three millions pounds and hand over his two sons as hostages.
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