Explain the role of nelson Mandela in promoting democracy world.
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A Xhosa speaker, Mandela was born into the Thembu royal family in Mvezo, Union of South Africa. He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944. After the National Party's white-only government established apartheid, a system of racial segregation that privileged whites, Mandela and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. He was appointed president of the ANC's Transvaal branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People. He was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party (SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1962, and subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the state following the Rivonia Trial.
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>ᴛᴀᴜɢʜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅ ᴛᴏ ɴᴇᴠᴇʀ ɢɪᴠᴇ ᴜᴘ ᴏɴ ᴄᴀᴜsᴇ ᴏʀ ᴄᴏᴜɴᴛʀʏ: ɴᴇʟsᴏɴ ᴍᴀɴᴅᴇʟᴀ ᴡᴀs ᴏɴʟʏ 44 ʏᴇᴀʀs ᴏʟᴅ ᴡʜᴇɴ ʜᴇ ᴡᴀs ɢɪᴠᴇɴ ᴀ ʟɪғᴇ sᴇɴᴛᴇɴᴄᴇ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴘᴀʀᴛʜᴇɪᴅ ʀᴇɢɪᴍᴇ ғᴏʀ ʜɪs ʟᴇᴀᴅᴇʀsʜɪᴘ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀғʀɪᴄᴀɴ ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ ᴄᴏɴɢʀᴇss, ᴀɴ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏᴜᴛʟᴀᴡᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇ ɢᴏᴠᴇʀɴᴍᴇɴᴛ ғᴏʀ ɪᴛs ᴀɴᴛɪ-ᴀᴘᴀʀᴛʜᴇɪᴅ ᴀᴄᴛɪᴏɴs ᴀɴᴅ ᴘᴏsɪᴛɪᴏɴs. ᴍᴀɴᴅᴇʟᴀ ᴡᴀs ғɪʀsᴛ ᴀʀʀᴇsᴛᴇᴅ ᴏɴ ᴛʀᴇᴀsᴏɴ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇs ᴊᴜsᴛ ғᴏᴜʀ ʏᴇᴀʀs ᴀғᴛᴇʀ sᴛᴀʀᴛɪɴɢ sᴏᴜᴛʜ ᴀғʀɪᴄᴀ’s ғɪʀsᴛ ʙʟᴀᴄᴋ ʟᴀᴡ ғɪʀᴍ ᴀɴᴅ ᴡᴏʀᴋɪɴɢ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀs ᴄᴀʟʟɪɴɢ ғᴏʀ ᴀ ɴᴏɴʀᴀᴄɪᴀʟ sᴛᴀᴛᴇ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏᴜɴᴛʀʏ. ʜᴇ ᴡᴏᴜʟᴅ ʟᴀᴛᴇʀ ʙᴇ ᴀᴄǫᴜɪᴛᴛᴇᴅ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇs, ᴏɴʟʏ ᴛᴏ ʙᴇ ᴀʀʀᴇsᴛᴇᴅ ʏᴇᴛ ᴀɢᴀɪɴ ɪɴ 1962 ғᴏʀ ʜɪs ᴡᴏʀᴋ ᴀs ᴀ ʟᴇᴀᴅᴇʀ ᴡɪᴛʜɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀғʀɪᴄᴀɴ ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ ᴄᴏɴɢʀᴇss. ʜᴇ ᴡᴀs ғɪɴᴀʟʟʏ ʀᴇʟᴇᴀsᴇᴅ ᴀғᴛᴇʀ 27 ʏᴇᴀʀs ᴏғ ɪᴍᴘʀɪsᴏɴᴍᴇɴᴛ.
>ᴍᴀᴅᴇ ᴛʜᴇ sᴛʀᴜɢɢʟᴇs ᴏғ ʜɪs ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴀ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅᴡɪᴅᴇ ᴘʜᴇɴᴏᴍᴇɴᴏɴ: ɪᴛ ᴡᴀs ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍɪᴅ-1980s ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅ sʟᴏᴡʟʏ ᴀᴡᴀᴋᴇɴᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ sᴜғғᴇʀɪɴɢ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ sᴏᴜᴛʜ ᴀғʀɪᴄᴀɴs ᴜɴᴅᴇʀ ᴀᴘᴀʀᴛʜᴇɪᴅ ʀᴜʟᴇ. ᴀɴᴅ ᴇᴠᴇɴ ᴛʜᴏᴜɢʜ ᴍᴀɴᴅᴇʟᴀ ᴡᴀs ʙᴇʜɪɴᴅ ʙᴀʀs ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇɴ, ᴀs ᴀɴᴛɪ-ᴀᴘᴀʀᴛʜᴇɪᴅ ʀᴀʟʟɪᴇs ɢʀᴇᴡ, sᴏ ᴅɪᴅ ᴀᴡᴀʀᴇɴᴇss ᴏғ ᴍᴀɴᴅᴇʟᴀ’s sᴛʀᴜɢɢʟᴇ ғᴏʀ ғʀᴇᴇᴅᴏᴍ ғᴏʀ ʙʟᴀᴄᴋ sᴏᴜᴛʜ ᴀғʀɪᴄᴀɴs. ʜɪs ᴍᴇssᴀɢᴇ ᴡᴀs sᴏ ᴘᴏᴡᴇʀғᴜʟ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴀ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴇsᴛ sᴏɴɢ ɴᴀᴍᴇᴅ “ғʀᴇᴇ ɴᴇʟsᴏɴ ᴍᴀɴᴅᴇʟᴀ," ᴡʀɪᴛᴛᴇɴ ᴀɴᴅ ᴘᴇʀғᴏʀᴍᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇ sᴋᴀ ʙᴀɴᴅ 'sᴘᴇᴄɪᴀʟ ᴀᴋᴀ' ᴀғᴛᴇʀ ᴀᴛᴛᴇɴᴅɪɴɢ sᴜᴄʜ ᴀ ʀᴀʟʟʏ ɪᴛ ᴡᴀs ᴀᴍᴏɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛᴏᴘ ᴛᴇɴ ʜɪᴛs ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴜᴋ, ᴀɴᴅ ʙᴇᴄᴀᴍᴇ ᴀ ʟᴇɢᴇɴᴅᴀʀʏ ᴀɴᴛʜᴇᴍ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅᴡɪᴅᴇ.>sᴇᴛ ᴀɴ ᴇxᴀᴍᴘʟᴇ ᴏғ ᴅᴇᴅɪᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ, sᴀᴄʀɪғɪᴄᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ᴄᴏᴜʀᴀɢᴇ: ᴅᴜʀɪɴɢ ʜɪs ᴛʀɪᴀʟ, ᴍᴀɴᴅᴇʟᴀ ʀᴇғᴜsᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴅᴇғᴇɴᴅ ʜɪᴍsᴇʟғ ɪɴ ᴏʀᴅᴇʀ ᴛᴏ ɴᴏᴛ ʟᴇɢɪᴛɪᴍɪᴢᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʜᴀʀɢᴇs ʟᴇᴠɪᴇᴅ ᴀɢᴀɪɴsᴛ ʜɪᴍ. ɪɴ 1985, ᴛʜᴇ ɢᴏᴠᴇʀɴᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴏғғᴇʀᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ʀᴇʟᴇᴀsᴇ ᴍᴀɴᴅᴇʟᴀ ᴜɴᴅᴇʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏɴᴅɪᴛɪᴏɴs ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʜᴇ ᴡᴏᴜʟᴅ ɴᴏᴛ ᴇɴɢᴀɢᴇ ɪɴ ᴘᴏʟɪᴛɪᴄᴀʟ ᴀᴄᴛɪᴠɪᴛɪᴇs ᴏɴᴄᴇ ғʀᴇᴇ. ɴᴇʟsᴏɴ ʀᴇғᴜsᴇᴅ. "ɪ ᴄᴀɴɴᴏᴛ ᴀɴᴅ ᴡɪʟʟ ɴᴏᴛ ɢɪᴠᴇ ᴀɴʏ ᴜɴᴅᴇʀᴛᴀᴋɪɴɢ ᴀᴛ ᴀ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ᴡʜᴇɴ ɪ ᴀɴᴅ ʏᴏᴜ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ, ᴀʀᴇ ɴᴏᴛ ғʀᴇᴇ," ʜᴇ sᴀɪᴅ. "ʏᴏᴜʀ ғʀᴇᴇᴅᴏᴍ ᴀɴᴅ ᴍɪɴᴇ ᴄᴀɴɴᴏᴛ ʙᴇ sᴇᴘᴀʀᴀᴛᴇᴅ."
>sᴇᴛ ᴜᴘ ɴᴇʟsᴏɴ ᴍᴀɴᴅᴇʟᴀ ғᴏᴜɴᴅᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴛᴏ ᴋᴇᴇᴘ ᴜᴘ ᴡᴏʀᴋ ᴏɴ ᴊᴜsᴛɪᴄᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ᴘᴇᴀᴄᴇ: ғᴏᴜɴᴅᴇᴅ ɪɴ 1999, ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴇʟsᴏɴ ᴍᴀɴᴅᴇʟᴀ ғᴏᴜɴᴅᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪs ᴛʜᴇ ʟᴇɢᴀᴄʏ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴍᴀɴᴅᴇʟᴀ ʜᴀs ʟᴇғᴛ ʙᴇʜɪɴᴅ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ғᴏᴄᴜsᴇs ᴏɴ ᴡʜᴀᴛ ᴡᴀs ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀʟ ᴛᴏ ᴍᴀɴᴅᴇʟᴀ’s ᴡᴏʀᴋ: ᴊᴜsᴛɪᴄᴇ, ᴅɪᴀʟᴏɢᴜᴇ, ᴀɴᴅ sᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴄᴏʜᴇsɪᴏɴ. ᴛʜᴇ ғᴏᴜɴᴅᴀᴛɪᴏɴ “ᴀɪᴍs ᴛᴏ ᴜsᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀʏ, ᴇxᴘᴇʀɪᴇɴᴄᴇ, ᴠᴀʟᴜᴇs, ᴠɪsɪᴏɴ ᴀɴᴅ ʟᴇᴀᴅᴇʀsʜɪᴘ ᴏғ ɪᴛs ғᴏᴜɴᴅᴇʀ ᴛᴏ ᴘʀᴏᴠɪᴅᴇ ᴀ ɴᴏɴ-ᴘᴀʀᴛɪsᴀɴ ᴘʟᴀᴛғᴏʀᴍ ғᴏʀ ᴘᴜʙʟɪᴄ ᴅɪsᴄᴏᴜʀsᴇ ᴏɴ ɪᴍᴘᴏʀᴛᴀɴᴛ sᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ɪssᴜᴇs, ᴀɴᴅ ɪɴ ᴅᴏɪɴɢ sᴏ, ᴛᴏ ᴄᴏɴᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴘᴏʟɪᴄʏ ᴅᴇᴄɪsɪᴏɴ-ᴍᴀᴋɪɴɢ."
>ᴄᴏɴᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ғɪɢʜᴛ ᴀɢᴀɪɴsᴛ ʜɪᴠ/ᴀɪᴅs: ɪɴ 2000, ɪᴛ ᴡᴀs ғᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴀ ǫᴜᴀʀᴛᴇʀ ᴏғ sᴏᴜᴛʜ ᴀғʀɪᴄᴀɴ ᴄɪᴛɪᴢᴇɴs ʙᴇᴛᴡᴇᴇɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀɢᴇs ᴏғ 15 ᴀɴᴅ 45 ᴛᴇsᴛᴇᴅ ᴘᴏsɪᴛɪᴠᴇ ғᴏʀ ʜɪᴠ/ ᴀɪᴅs. ɴᴇʟsᴏɴ ᴍᴀɴᴅᴇʟᴀ sɪɴɢʟᴇ-ʜᴀɴᴅᴇᴅʟʏ sᴇᴛ ᴀ ɴᴇᴡ ᴀɢᴇɴᴅᴀ ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇ ғᴜᴛᴜʀᴇ ғɪɢʜᴛ ᴀɢᴀɪɴsᴛ ʜɪᴠ/ᴀɪᴅs ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴀ ɢʀᴏᴜɴᴅʙʀᴇᴀᴋɪɴɢ sᴘᴇᴇᴄʜ ɪɴ 2000 ᴀᴛ ᴀɴ ɪɴᴛᴇʀɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ ᴀɪᴅs ᴄᴏɴғᴇʀᴇɴᴄᴇ ɪɴ ᴅᴜʀʙᴀɴ.