Question

explain the role of the Bhakti movement in promoting regional languages and devotional literature in India

Answer 1

The Bhakti Movement originated in India as a reaction against the caste system and ritualism. Its impact with regard to promoting regional language and devotional literature were:

The Bhakti saints preached their teachings in the local language. This led to the development of the local and the vernacular language and reginal literature.

Regional languages such as Hindi, Bhojpuri, Maithili adn Oriya became extremely popular among masses.

Some important literary works of this period were 'Ramcharitmanas' by Tulsidas, 'Gurumukh' literature of the Sikh gurus and the Vaishnava literature in Bengal.

Mirabai enriched poetry with her bhajans. Her brilliant poetry is known as 'Padavali'.

Sant Janeshwar, a Marathi saint and poet wrote 'Amritanubhava', a treatise on his spiritual experiences.

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Answer 2

The liberal ideas and unorthodox principles of Sufism had a profound influence on Indian society. The liberal principles of Sufi sects restrained orthodox. Muslims in their attitude and encouraged many Muslim rulers to pursue tolerant attitude to their non-Muslim subjects. Most Sufi saints preached their teachings in the language of common man that contributed greatly to the evolution of various Indian languages like Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Kashmiri and Hindi. The impact of Sufi Movement was deeply felt on some renowned poets of the period, like Amir Khusrau and Malik Muhammad Jayasi who composed poems in Persian and Hindi in praise of Sufi principles.