Question

explain the stability of tert butyl cation isopropyl cation and ethyl cation methyl cation on the basis of hyperconjugation

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Answer 1

According to hyperconjugation, the stability order of the given cations is as follows: t-butyl cation > isopropyl cation > ethyl cation > methyl cation.

• Hyperconjugation is an electronic effect which depends on the interaction of a σ bond with the adjacent atom's σ* or π* orbitals.
• This increases the tendency of electron delocalization, thereby increasing the stability of the system due to reduced repulsion.
• More the number of adjacent atoms, more is the tendency of hyperconjugation and hence, more stable the compound is.
• t-butyl cation has 9 neighboring C- H bonds, isopropyl cation has 6, ethyl  cation has 3 and methyl cation has 0 adjacent C - H bonds.
• Hence, the stability order is: t-butyl cation > isopropyl cation > ethyl cation > methyl cation.