Explain the term atom economy and e factor with suitable example
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Atom economy ( atom efficiency) is the
conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atoms involved and the desired products produced. Atom economy is an important concept of green chemistry philosophy, [1][2][3] and one of the most widely used metrics for measuring the "greenness" of a process or synthesis.
Atom economy can be written as:
By the conservation of mass , the total molecular mass of the reactants is the same as the total molecular mass of the products. In an ideal chemical process, the amount of starting materials or reactants equals the amount of all products generated and no atom is wasted. However, in some processes, some of the consumed reactant atoms do not become part of the intended products. This can be a concern for raw materials that have a high cost or due to economic and environmental costs of disposal of the waste.
Atom economy is a different concern than
chemical yield , because a high-yielding process can still result in substantial byproducts. Examples include the Cannizzaro reaction, in which approximately 50% of the reactant aldehyde becomes the other oxidation state of the target; the Wittig reaction, which uses high-mass phosphorus reagents that ultimately become waste; and the Gabriel synthesis, which produces a stoichiometric quantity of phthalic acid
conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atoms involved and the desired products produced. Atom economy is an important concept of green chemistry philosophy, [1][2][3] and one of the most widely used metrics for measuring the "greenness" of a process or synthesis.
Atom economy can be written as:
By the conservation of mass , the total molecular mass of the reactants is the same as the total molecular mass of the products. In an ideal chemical process, the amount of starting materials or reactants equals the amount of all products generated and no atom is wasted. However, in some processes, some of the consumed reactant atoms do not become part of the intended products. This can be a concern for raw materials that have a high cost or due to economic and environmental costs of disposal of the waste.
Atom economy is a different concern than
chemical yield , because a high-yielding process can still result in substantial byproducts. Examples include the Cannizzaro reaction, in which approximately 50% of the reactant aldehyde becomes the other oxidation state of the target; the Wittig reaction, which uses high-mass phosphorus reagents that ultimately become waste; and the Gabriel synthesis, which produces a stoichiometric quantity of phthalic acid
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