Explain the types of industries in India?
Answers
Answer:
Industries obtaining raw materials from agriculture are called agro-based industries, for example, Food-processing, sugar and cotton industries.
The other groups of industries, using minerals as their raw materials, are called mineral-based industries such as iron and steel, aluminium, cement and copper industry.
Growth of Modern Industry
The processing and manufacturing of secondary products were earlier done with the help of simple tools. It used manual and muscle or animal power. Such activities were generally confined to individual’s home. Gradually simple tools were replaced by more and more sophisticated powerful machines. They run with the help of energy derived from water, coal or mineral oil. These machines required big space and large workplace. Thus, mills or factories were established. Goods could be produced faster and there is uniformity in quality. The use of machine
called for specialization and division of labour. The entire process was divided into a number of small steps following a definite sequence. Each worker was responsible for only a small part of the job which he could do more quickly and efficiently. Industries are classified in different ways- on the basis of:
• The raw materials
• Size of the industrial unit
• Ownership
Major Industries
• Textiles Industry - Cotton, jute, silk, wool and synthetic are different varieties of natural fibres providing raw material for the textile industry. The first modern cotton textile industry was set up in India in Mumbai in 1854. It shares about 1/3rd of the total export earnings.Rayon, nylon and terrene are examples of synthetic fibres. There are over 1, 500 cotton man-made fibre mills. Most of them are in private sector. The cotton and the man- made fiber industry are concentrated mainly in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. A substantial production is also obtained from the handloom sector.
• The Jute Industry - This is traditionally export-oriented. This industry is located mostly in West Bengal on both sides of the river Hugli.
• The Wool and Silk Industries – These industries have comparatively small percentage of share in the total output of fabrics. The wool textile mills are located in Amritsar, Dhariwal Srinagar, Mumbai, Jamnagar, Kanpur and Bangalore. The silk industry is located in Mysore, Kanchipuram, Murshidabad, Varanasi and Srinagar.
• Sugar Industry - The sugarcane is the raw material for this industry. Maharashtra is an important producer of sugarcane. Here the cultivation of sugarcane and the sugar industry are under co-operative sector. India is one of the major sugar producers of the world.
• Iron and Steel Industry - The modern iron and steel industry was set up in Kulti, West Bengal in 1870. However the first large scale plant got underway with the establishment of Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) in 1907 at Jamshedpur. Iron and steel industries are also established at Burnpur, Bhadravati, Vijainagar, Durgapur, Bhilai, Bokaro Rourkela, and Vishakhapatnam. Besides, there is an alloy steel plant at Durgapur and stainless steel plant at Salem. Except for TISCO, all other steel plants are owned and managed by the government.
• Engineering Industries - The HMT produces a large variety of big and small machines. Its plants are located in Bangalore, Pinjore, Hyderabad, Kalamassery (Kerala) and Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir).
• Oil refining – India imports crude oil from a number of West Asian countries. In order to refine crude oil, several oil refineries have been set up in different parts of the country. The oldest refinery is Digboi in Assam. Others are at Noonmati, Haldia, Bongaigaon, Barauni, Mathura, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai, Cochin, Mumbai and Koyali (Vadodara).
• Chemical industry – India produces a wide variety of chemicals such as sulphuric acid, soda ash, caustic soda, phenol and dyes. It contributes about 12% of the total export from India.
Distributions of cotton textiles, sugar, iron and steel industry points towards the concentration of these industries near the source of their raw materials. On the other hand, engineering industry, oil refining and food- processing are either near the raw materials or the market. There are other factors also which influence the location of Industries. There are good transport facilities, skilled labour and other commercial services.