Question

explain the V-I characterestics of P-N junction

Answer 1

The V-I characteristics or voltage-current characteristics of the p-n junction diode is shown in the below figure. The horizontal line in the below figure represents the amount of voltage applied across the p-n junction diode whereas the vertical line represents the amount of current flows in the p-n junction diode.
FORWARD VI CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
If the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type semiconductor and the negative terminal of the battery is connected to the n-type semiconductor, the diode is said to be in forward bias. In forward biased p-n junction diode, VF represents the forward voltage whereas IF represents the forward current.
Reverse V-I characteristics of p-n junction diode

If the negative terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type semiconductor and the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the n-type semiconductor, the diode is said to be in reverse bias. In reverse biased p-n junction diode, VR represents the reverse voltage whereas IR represents the reverse current.

If the external reverse voltage applied on the p-n junction diode is increased, the free electrons from the n-type semiconductor and the holes from the p-type semiconductor are moved away from the p-n junction. This increases the width of depletion region.

The wide depletion region of reverse biased p-n junction diode completely blocks the majority charge carrier current. However, it allows the minority charge carrier current. The free electrons (minority carriers) in the p-type semiconductor and the holes (minority carriers) in the n-type semiconductor carry the electric current. The electric current, which is carried by the minority charge carriers in the p-n junction diode, is called reverse current.

In n-type and p-type semiconductors, very small number of minority charge carriers is present. Hence, a small voltage applied on the diode pushes all the minority carriers towards the junction. Thus, further increase in the external voltage does not increase the electric current. This electric current is called reverse saturation current. In other words, the voltage or point at which the electric current reaches its maximum level and further increase in voltage does not increase the electric current is called reverse saturation current.
REVERSE VI CHARACTERISTICS CURVE
The reverse saturation current is depends on the temperature. If temperature increases the generation of minority charge carriers increases. Hence, the reverse current increases with the increase in temperature. However, the reverse saturation current is independent of the external reverse voltage. Hence, the reverse saturation current remains constant with the increase in voltage. However, if the voltage applied on the diode is increased continuously, the p-n junction diode reaches to a state where junction breakdown occurs and reverse current increases rapidly.

In germanium diodes, a small increase in temperature generates large number of minority charge carriers. The number of minority charge carriers generated in the germanium diodes is greater than the silicon diodes. Hence, the reverse saturation current in the germanium diodes is greater than the silicon diodes.