Explain the various stages of Italian unification
Answers
Political Fragmentation of Italy Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italy was divided into seven states during the middle of the nineteenth century.
Of these seven states only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. At that time North of Italy was under Austrian Habsburg, the centre was ruled by Pope and the Southern regions were ruled by the Bourbon kings of Spain.
Role of Mazzini:
During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had tried to unite Italy. He formed the secret society called young Italy.
But both the uprising in 1831 and 1848 failed. Even the ruling elites also wanted a unified Italy which would offer economic development and political dominance.
Role of Cavour:
The unification of Italy was a result of many wars. Chief Minister Cavour made a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, and Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
Role of Garibaldi:
A large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the unification movement.
In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies succeeded to drive out the Spanish rulers with the help of local people. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as king of United Italy.
Unification Of Italy
Like Germany, Italy has a long history of political fragmentation.
During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states of which only one state(Sardinia-Piedmont) was ruled by an Italian princely house.
The main leaders of unification process are these three revolutionaries: 1) Giuseppe Mazzini, 2) Count de Cavour and 3) Giuseppe Garibaldi.
→In Italy,
• The north part was ruled by Austrian Habsburg.
• Middle part was under Pope.
• And the Southern part was ruled by Bourbon Dynasty.
→ Later, Giuseppe Mazzini subsequently found two secret societies, Young Italy and Young Europe.
→ With the failure of revolutionaries, the responsibility fell on Sardinia Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel-2 to unify the Italian states through war.
→ At the end, Austrian Habsburg were defeated by Cavour with the help of France.
→ Bourbon Dynasty were defeated by the Giuseppe Garibaldi with the support of Peasants.
Hence, Strong nationalist cultural movements and economic development are factors which prepare the ground for Italian unification.