Question

explain the whole process of digestion​

Answer 1

Answer:

1. THE FOOD IS CHEWED AND PASSES INTO STOMACH THROUGH OESOPHAGUS...
2. THE CARDIAC SPHINTER CONTRACTS AND RELAX TO PUSH THE FOOD INTO STOMACH
3. STOMACH PRODUCES HCL FOR DIGESTION OF FOOD..
4. FOOD REACHED DUODENUM WHERE FATS ARE REDUCED INTO GLYCERIN..
5. IT REACHED SMALL INTESTINES WHERE FOOD AND WATER ARE REABSORBED WITH HELP OF VILLIS
6. IT REACHES LARGE INTESTINES WHERE EXTRA WATER IS REABSORBED....
7. FINALLY IT REACHES ANUS THROUGH RECTUM...

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Answer 2

Answer:

The digestion process is a series of reactions of food with the digestive hormones and juices. This starts right from the oral cavity.

It is an important process that breaks down the proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals into simpler forms so that it can be absorbed easily into the body cells. During this process, proteins are converted into amino acids, carbohydrates are converted into simple sugars and fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.

Many digestive enzymes and hormones act on food, at various stages during the process of digestion. The whole process occurs in a sequential manner.

Mechanism of Digestion

The digestion process can be divided into different stages, such as digestion in the:

• Oral cavity
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine

Digestion includes a complex combination of mechanical and chemical processes. Some of the activities in the process include ingestion and propulsion of food, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation.

Digestion in the Oral Cavity

When food is taken in through the mouth, chewing and mixing of the food occurs. There is also a chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, due to the action of saliva from the salivary glands. 30% of the starch is hydrolyzed by the action of amylase, which is a salivary enzyme. The other enzyme, lysozyme is an antibacterial agent that prevents infections.

Starch + Salivary amylase → Maltose

Mastication of food and swallowing of food are the important activities that take place here in the oral cavity. Food is broken down into smaller particles by the chewing action of teeth. As saliva is added, it mixes with the food particles, slowly moistening and lubricating the food. This small ball is called a bolus, which is then swallowed. The pharynx helps in the movement of the bolus into the oesophagus, from where it moves to the stomach through the peristaltic movements of the oesophagus.

Digestion in the Stomach

When food reaches the stomach, it stays for approximately 4 to 5 hours. There are various gastric glands in the mucosa lining of the stomach. The mucus neck cells secrete mucus. The Peptic Cells secrete the proenzyme pepsinogen. The Parietal or Oxyntic Cells secrete HCl (Hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor that is essential for vitamin B12 absorption.

Food in the stomach gets mixed thoroughly with the gastric juices through the churning movements of the stomach muscle. This mass of food that is semi-digested, acidic and pulpy is called the chyme. It is mostly the proteins that get digested in the stomach. The mucus and the bicarbonates of the gastric juice help in protecting the mucosal epithelium from the highly acidic HCl. Mucus also helps in lubricating the food.

Digestion in the Small Intestine

In the small intestine, further digestion takes place. Due to the various movements of this organ, the chyme is further mixed and churned. There are many enzymes that are secreted into the small intestine from organs such as pancreas, liver; apart from the intestinal juices. All these react with the food particles and digest them into smaller particles that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

The biomacromolecules are broken down in the duodenum region. All the simpler forms of the digested food are absorbed in the jejunum and ileum regions. Any leftover undigested, unabsorbed food particles are then passed on to the large intestine.

Digestion in the Large Intestine

In the large intestine, the digestion activity is significantly less. Here, bacterial action on the leftover food particles occurs. Minerals, water, and certain drugs are absorbed in the large intestine. The mucus secreted by the large intestine helps in holding the waste particles, apart from lubricating it.

Any undigested and unabsorbed waste particles called as the faecal matter, are then passed to the rectum, from where it is eliminated through the anus.

Control of the Digestive Processes

The digestive processes are controlled by the hormones and the nerves. There is a constant flurry of signals between the brain and the alimentary canal. Hormones control the digestion process by signalling the body at appropriate times to make the digestive juices. They also send signals to the brain to indicate being hungry or full. The nervous system, through the brain and spinal cord, controls the digestive processes.

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