Explain theimpact of domestic politics on india pakistan relationship
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Foreign policy is an endless dialogue between the powers of continuity and the powers of change. It begins at frontiers. One cannot ignore the domestic inputs/actors role towards making foreign policy of any country. It is shaped by the internal needs of the country and projection of internal policies. Differences in states capabilities to act are constrained by the characteristics of states, or national attributes. The domestic constraints and challenges add much more complexity and unpredictability to the foreign policy process. Problems or constraints and challenges come out when a single individual or agency bypass the domestic interests of a state. The task of formulating foreign policy for developing states is more filled with constraints as compared to a developed and sovereign state. A Great number of social, economic, technological and political factors constrain the rate and kind of interaction of one state with another state, as these factors affect the mobilization and the use of state capabilities. State is constrained not only by its own capabilities, interests, policies and actions but also by those of the state with which it interacts. One country’s constraint may be the source of power for an-other country.
Foreign Policy:
Foreign policy is the sum of official external relations conducted by an independent actor (usually a state) in international relations. Foreign Policy includes not only military action but trade and humanitarian interactions as well. When trying to analyze the role of the head of government in foreign policy decision making it is important to know what is motivating him. Depending on the political system of the head of government, the influencing factors will vary. For the head of government in a democracy such as India consensus of the office and public opinion will play an important role. A socialist republic like China may be harsher in taking decisions which may not meet public consensus but have a long term national agenda.
The Domestic political environment & Foreign policy
The foreign policy implementation phase is one in which actors confront their environment and in return the environment confronts actors. Social and political actors pushed a course of action and through these actions states succeed in acquiring their foreign policy objectives. Clashes between actors and their environment also erupted. For having every state’s own way in the world system is not always possible. The political condition of a country, will determine how forcibly a government can play its role, what it cannot do for losing support at home. What it must do for the people of its country. Organized pressure groups acting as lobbies in parliament or congress or as opinion forming agencies and press, radio and television will all have their roles to play. It is necessary to handle all these domestic actors.
The relationship between foreign policy making and its domestic environment is unpredictable and can erupt in ways which disturb both the governing elite and the pattern of international relations. Domestic policy is an interior to foreign policy and through success in the former may lead success in foreign policy but the reverse is not necessarily the case. It is necessary for every state to set its house in order and then hope for positive results from foreign policies.
Thus it is clear that in the formulation of foreign policy, domestic sources play their role in the forms of adjustments and compromises between social structure and elements of government. Role of domestic factors may vary from one country to another country mainly depending upon political, social, economic, cultural and many other variables. By controlling domestic constraints next step is about its implementation through skillful manner or by sticks and carrots.
Theoretical perspective:
Reflecting this complex mosaic within FPA, there are three basic approaches to understand the domestic factors on states’ foreign policy.
i. Structuralist Approach:
For structuralist the hierarchy of the states in international political economy is the most important guide to foreign policy conduct. In developing countries there is a transnational capitalist class which shares the norms and values of leading capitalist countries, fostered by leading international institutions like World Bank. These local elites subvert local considerations in favor of capitalist interest. Skidmore and Hudson describe this approach asSocial Bloc in which power is concentered in the hands of social minority as a result political leaders emerge only through alliance of a few dominant social blocs whose interest are reflected in foreign policy .
AristocracDomestic Factors Influencing Foreign Policy:
· Formal Factors:
Role of Executive:
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Foreign Policy:
Foreign policy is the sum of official external relations conducted by an independent actor (usually a state) in international relations. Foreign Policy includes not only military action but trade and humanitarian interactions as well. When trying to analyze the role of the head of government in foreign policy decision making it is important to know what is motivating him. Depending on the political system of the head of government, the influencing factors will vary. For the head of government in a democracy such as India consensus of the office and public opinion will play an important role. A socialist republic like China may be harsher in taking decisions which may not meet public consensus but have a long term national agenda.
The Domestic political environment & Foreign policy
The foreign policy implementation phase is one in which actors confront their environment and in return the environment confronts actors. Social and political actors pushed a course of action and through these actions states succeed in acquiring their foreign policy objectives. Clashes between actors and their environment also erupted. For having every state’s own way in the world system is not always possible. The political condition of a country, will determine how forcibly a government can play its role, what it cannot do for losing support at home. What it must do for the people of its country. Organized pressure groups acting as lobbies in parliament or congress or as opinion forming agencies and press, radio and television will all have their roles to play. It is necessary to handle all these domestic actors.
The relationship between foreign policy making and its domestic environment is unpredictable and can erupt in ways which disturb both the governing elite and the pattern of international relations. Domestic policy is an interior to foreign policy and through success in the former may lead success in foreign policy but the reverse is not necessarily the case. It is necessary for every state to set its house in order and then hope for positive results from foreign policies.
Thus it is clear that in the formulation of foreign policy, domestic sources play their role in the forms of adjustments and compromises between social structure and elements of government. Role of domestic factors may vary from one country to another country mainly depending upon political, social, economic, cultural and many other variables. By controlling domestic constraints next step is about its implementation through skillful manner or by sticks and carrots.
Theoretical perspective:
Reflecting this complex mosaic within FPA, there are three basic approaches to understand the domestic factors on states’ foreign policy.
i. Structuralist Approach:
For structuralist the hierarchy of the states in international political economy is the most important guide to foreign policy conduct. In developing countries there is a transnational capitalist class which shares the norms and values of leading capitalist countries, fostered by leading international institutions like World Bank. These local elites subvert local considerations in favor of capitalist interest. Skidmore and Hudson describe this approach asSocial Bloc in which power is concentered in the hands of social minority as a result political leaders emerge only through alliance of a few dominant social blocs whose interest are reflected in foreign policy .
AristocracDomestic Factors Influencing Foreign Policy:
· Formal Factors:
Role of Executive:
plzz mark as brainliest answer bro
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