Question

Explain Trade during the Sangam Age​

Answer 1

Answer:

Major exports of the Sangam age were cotton fabrics and spices like pepper, ginger, cardamom, cinnamon and turmeric along with ivory products, pearls and precious stones. Major imports for the traders were horses, gold, and sweet wine.

Explanation:

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Answer 2

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$\bf\underline\mathfrak\blue{Trade\: during\: sangam\: age :}$

• They reveal the extent of the trade and the presence of Roman traders in the Tamil country .

• The main exports of the Sangam age were Cotton fabrics , Spices like Pepper , Ginger , Cardamom , Cinnamon and turmeric , Ivory products , Pearls and Precious stones .

• Gold , Horses and Sweet wine were the chief imports .

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$\bf\underline\mathfrak\blue{Inland\: Trade:}$

• Ancient Tamilians were active traders in various commodities, both locally and outside Tamil country.

• The kingdoms of northern India sought pearls, cotton fabrics and conch shells from Tamilakam in exchange for woollen clothing, hides and horses.

• Locally most trading was in food products – agricultural produce was supplemented by products from hunters, fishermen and shepherds who traded in meat, fish and dairy products.

• In addition, people bought other goods such as items for personal hygiene, adornment and transportation.

• Mercantile transactions took place in busy market places.

• Traders used various modes of selling: hawking their goods from door to door, setting up shops in busy market places or stationing themselves at royal households.

• Sellers of fish, salt and grain hawked their goods, the textile merchants sold cloths from their shops in urban markets and the goldsmith, the lapidary and sellers of sandalwood and ivory patronised the aristocrats' quarters.

• Merchants dealt in conches and ivory.

• Most trade was by barter. Paddy was the most commonly accepted medium of exchange, followed by purified salt.

• Honey and roots were exchanged for fish liver oil and arrack, while sugarcane and rice flakes were traded for venison and toddy.

• Poems in Purananuru describe the prosperous house in Pandya land well stocked with paddy that the housewife had exchanged for grams and fish.

• Artisans and professionals traded their services for goods.

• Quantities were measured by weighing balance, called the Tulakkol named after Tulam, the standard weight.

• Delicate balances made of ivory were used by the goldsmiths for measures of Urai, Nali and Ma.

• A different kind of barter involving deferred exchange was known as Kuri edirppai – this involved taking a loan for a fixed quantity of a commodity to be repaid by the same quantity of the same commodity at a later date.

• Since barter was prevalent locally, coins were used almost exclusively for foreign trade.

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$\bf\underline\mathfrak\blue{Foriegn\: Trade:}$

• The economic prosperity of the Tamils depended on foreign trade.

• Literary, archaeological and numismatic sources confirm the trade relationship between Tamilakam and Rome, where spices and pearls from India were in great demand.

• With the accession of Augustus in 27 BCE, trade between Tamilakam and Rome received a tremendous boost and culminated at the time of Nero who died in 68 CE.

• At that point, trade declined until the death of Caracalla (217 CE), after which it almost ceased. It was revived again under the Byzantine emperors.

• Under the early Roman emperors, there was a great demand for articles of luxury, especially beryl. Most of the articles of luxury mentioned by the Roman writers came from Tamilakam.

• In the declining period, cotton and industrial products were still imported by Rome.

• The exports from the Tamil country included pepper, pearls, ivory, textiles and gold ornaments, while the imports were luxury goods such as glass, coral, wine and topaz.

• The government provided the essential infrastructure such as good harbours, lighthouses, and warehouses to promote overseas trade.

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