Question

Explain various line caps and thick line joints in computer graphics

Answer 1

1. Structure : Definition Line Attribute Curve Attribute Color and Grayscale Level Area Filled Attribute Text and Characters2. The way a primitive is to be displayed is referred to as an Attribute Parameter. Some attribute parameters include color ,size etc. Different ways to incorporate attribute changes :  Extend the parameter list associated with each primitive  Maintain a system list of current attribute values and use separate functions to set attributes.3. . Type . Width . Color . Pen & Brush4. Type :  Solid  Dotted – very short dash with spacing equal to or greater than dash itself  Dashed – displayed by generating an inter dash spacing Dash Dotted –combination of the earlier two To set line type attribute in PHIGS Application, setLineType(lt) can be used. Lt can be -1,2,3,45. Raster Line algorithms display line attributes by plotting pixel spans. Pixel count for the span and inter span length and inter span spacing can be specified using the mask . Ex. 111100011110001111 Plotting dashes with fixed number of pixels result in unequal-length dashes for different line orientations. Horizontal line looks small when compared to a vertical line. For dash lines to remain constant, we should adjust the pix span el count for the solid span and inter space span according to the slope of the line.6. Specify in pixels and proportion of a standard line width. Thicker line can be produced by. . Adding extra pixel vertically when |m| < 1 . Adding extra pixel horizontally when |m| > 1 We can set the width of a line using setLineWidthScaleFactor(lw); Where lw is assigned a positive number.7. Issues: Line have different thickness on the slope Problem with . End of the line (Use Line Caps) . Joining the two lines (polygon)8. The selected “pen” or “brush” determine the way a line will be drawn. Pens and brushes have size, shape, color and pattern attribute. Pixel mask is applied in both of them.9. A polyline procedure displays a line in current color by setting this color value in the frame buffer at pixel locations along the line path using the set Pixel function. setPolyLineColorIndex(lc) A line drawn with background color in invisible.10. Similar to line : type + width Thicker curves can be produced by: 1. Plotting additional pixel 2. Filling the space between two concentric circles. 3. Using thicker pen or brush11. Color  General Purpose raster scan systems provide a variety of colors while random scan monitors provide very few.  Colors are represented by colors codes which are positive integers.  Color information is stored in frame buffer or in separate table and use pixel values as index to the color table.  Two ways to store color information : 1. Direct 2. Indirect12. Apply for monitor that have no color Shades of grey (white->light grey->dark grey->black) Color code mapped onto grayscale codes 2 bits can give 4 level of grayscale 8 bits per pixel will allow 256 combination Dividing the actual code with 256 will give range of 0 and 1 Ex: Color code in color display is 118 To map to nearest grayscale then 118/256 = 0.45  light gray13. Option for filling a defined region is whether solid , pattern and colors. Fill Styles Three basic fill styles are: 1. Hollow with color border 2. Solid 3. Patterened14. A basic fill style can be assigned in a PHIGS program using the following function: setInteriorStyle(fs), Where fs c an be hollow,s olid,or pattern . Another value for Fill Style is Hatch, which is used to fill an area with selected hatching patterns.2 types : Diagonal Hatch Fill and Diagonal Cross Hatch Fill.15. The color for a solid interior or for a hollow area outline is chosen with : setInteriorColorIndex(fc) where fc is the desired color code. Other fill options include specifications for the edge type, edge width edge color of a region.16. We select fill patterns with setInteriorStyleIndex(pi), where pi specifies a table position For fill style pattern, tables entries can be created on individual output devices with : setPatternRepresentation (ws,pi,nx,ny,cp) Where, pi is pattern index number, ws is the workstation code, Cp is the 2d array of color codes with nx columns and ny rows