Question

explain whole process of separation of water and alcohol by fractional distillation step wise

Answer 1

HEY_

To separate a mixture of alcohol (ethanol) and water, you can use a process known as fractional distillation. This technique relies on the fact that the compounds in the mixture have different boiling points. Since ethanol boils at a lower temperature (78.5 degrees Celsius, or 173.3 degrees Fahrenheit) than water, the alcohol vaporizes while most of the water remains a liquid. A good distillation column will produce a mixture of 95 percent alcohol and 5 percent water. This ratio represents the most pure form of ethanol possible with distillation and is widely accepted as an industry standard.

Pour the ethanol/water mixture into the round-bottom flask.Assemble the fractional distillation apparatus by attaching the fractioning column to the round-bottom flask. Attach the condenser to the fractioning column and place the distillate-capturing flask under it to capture the distillate.Place the Bunsen burner below the round-bottom flask and heat the mixture to above the boiling point of ethanol (about 80 degrees C).Maintain the mixture at a constant temperature until the boiling has ceased. At this point, you have completed distillation.

Answer 2

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Distillation is the process of separating two or more liquids based on differences in their boiling points. When the liquids’ boiling points are very similar, however, separation by normal distillation becomes ineffective or impossible. Fractional distillation is a modified distillation process that allows the separation of liquids with similar boiling points.

Boiling Points

A liquid’s boiling point is the temperature at which it transforms to vapor. Liquids retain their characteristic boiling point even when mixed with other liquids. This represents the underlying principle of distillation---that liquids can be separated by converting the liquid with the lowest boiling point to vapor, then converting that vapor back to the liquid state after it has transferred to a separate container.

Distillation

In the process of distillation, the liquid mixture is placed in a boiling flask, which is connected to a cooling column called a condenser, the opposite end of which is connected to a receiving flask. The condenser sits horizontal with a slight downward slope so that the vapor that reaches the condenser and is converted back to liquid can be collected in the receiving flask. The chemistry department at Wake Forest College provides a diagram of the setup. At completion of the distillation, the lowest boiling liquid ends up in the receiving flask (and is called the “distillate”) and the higher boiling liquid remains in the boiling flask.

Fractional Distillation

A fractional distillation setup includes an additional column that sits vertically on top of the boiling flask and to which the condenser is connected. Its purpose is to increase the distance that the vapor must travel to reach the condenser.

The columns are typically packed with glass beads or pieces of ceramic to increases the surface area the vapor must come into contact with as it transports to the condenser.

During normal distillation, a substantial amount of the higher-boiling liquid also will vaporize and transport to the collection flask, essentially becoming an impurity in the distilled product.

This is especially problematic when the liquids being separated have similar boiling points. The more surface area the higher-boiling liquid contacts along the way, the more likely it is to condense back to a liquid and return to the boiling flask.

Fractional distillation uses this increased surface area to improve the efficiency of the distillation.

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