Explain with neat sketch
component of hydropower plant
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Reservoir:
The function or purpose of reservoir is to store the water during rainy season and supply the same during dry season. This is in simple, water storage area.
Dam:
The function of dam is to increase the height of the water level (increase in the potential energy) behind it which ultimately increases the reservoir capacity. The dam also helps in increasing the working head of the power plant. Dams are generally built to provide necessary head to the power plant.
Trash Rack:
The water intake from the dam or from the forebay are provided with trash rack. The main function of trash rack is to prevent the entry of any debris which may damage the wicket gates and turbine runners or choke-up the nozzles of impulse turbine. During winter season when water forms ice, to prevent the ice from clinging to the trash racks, they are often heated electrically. Sometimes air bubbling system is provided in the vicinity of the trash racks which brings warmer water to the surface of the trash racks.
Forebay:
The function of forebay is to act as regulating reservoir temporarily storing water when the load on the plant is reduced and to provide water for initial increment of an increasing load while water in the canal is being accelerated. In many cases, the canal itself is large enough to absorb the flow variations. In short, forebay is naturally provided for storage of water to absorb any flow variations if exist. This can be considered as naturally provided surge tank as it does the function of the surge tank. The forebay is always provided with some type of outlet structure to direct water to penstock depending upon the local conditions.
Surge Tank:
The main function of surge tank is to reduce the water hammering effect. When there is a sudden increase of pressure in the penstock which can be due sudden decrease in the load demand on the generator. When there is sudden decrease in the load, the turbine gates admitting water to the turbine closes suddenly owing to the action of the governor. This sudden rise in the pressure in the penstock will cause the positive water hammering effect. This may lead to burst of the penstock because of high pressures.
Penstock:
Penstock is a pipe between the surge tank and the prime-mover. The structural design of the penstock is same as for any other pipe expect it has to bear high pressure on the inside surface during sudden decease in the load and increase in the load. Penstocks are made of steel through reinforced concrete. Penstocks are usually equipped with the head gates at the inlet which can be closed during the repair of the penstocks, A sufficient water head should be provided above the penstock entrance in the forebay or surge tank to avoid the formation of vortices which may carry air in to the penstock and resulting in lower turbine blade efficiency.
Spillway:
The function of spillway is to provide safety of the dam. Spillway should have the capacity to discharge major floods without damage to the dam and at the same time keeps the reservoir levels below some predetermined maximum level.
Power House:
A power house consists of two main parts, a sub-structure to support the hydraulic and electrical equipment and a superstructure to house and protect this equipment.
The superstructure of most power plants is the buildings that house all the operating equipment. The generating unit and the exciter is located in the ground floor. The turbines which rotate on vertical axis are placed below the floor level while those rotating on a horizontal axis are placed on the ground floor alongside of the generator.
Prime movers or Hydro Turbines:
The main function of prime movers or hydro turbines is to convert the kinetic energy of the water in to the mechanical energy to produce the electric power. The prime movers which are in common use are pelton wheel, francis turbine and kaplan turbines.
Draft tube:
The draft tube is a part of the reaction turbine. The draft tube is a diverging discharge passage connecting the running with tailrace. It is shaped to decelerate the flow with a minimum loss so that the remaining kinetic energy of the water coming out of the runner is efficiently regained by converting into suction head., thereby increasing the total pressure difference on the runner. This regain of kinetic energy of the water coming out from the reaction turbine is the primary function of the draft tube. The regain of static suction head in case where the runner is located above the tail water level is the secondary purpose of the draft tube.
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The function or purpose of reservoir is to store the water during rainy season and supply the same during dry season. This is in simple, water storage area.
Dam:
The function of dam is to increase the height of the water level (increase in the potential energy) behind it which ultimately increases the reservoir capacity. The dam also helps in increasing the working head of the power plant. Dams are generally built to provide necessary head to the power plant.
Trash Rack:
The water intake from the dam or from the forebay are provided with trash rack. The main function of trash rack is to prevent the entry of any debris which may damage the wicket gates and turbine runners or choke-up the nozzles of impulse turbine. During winter season when water forms ice, to prevent the ice from clinging to the trash racks, they are often heated electrically. Sometimes air bubbling system is provided in the vicinity of the trash racks which brings warmer water to the surface of the trash racks.
Forebay:
The function of forebay is to act as regulating reservoir temporarily storing water when the load on the plant is reduced and to provide water for initial increment of an increasing load while water in the canal is being accelerated. In many cases, the canal itself is large enough to absorb the flow variations. In short, forebay is naturally provided for storage of water to absorb any flow variations if exist. This can be considered as naturally provided surge tank as it does the function of the surge tank. The forebay is always provided with some type of outlet structure to direct water to penstock depending upon the local conditions.
Surge Tank:
The main function of surge tank is to reduce the water hammering effect. When there is a sudden increase of pressure in the penstock which can be due sudden decrease in the load demand on the generator. When there is sudden decrease in the load, the turbine gates admitting water to the turbine closes suddenly owing to the action of the governor. This sudden rise in the pressure in the penstock will cause the positive water hammering effect. This may lead to burst of the penstock because of high pressures.
Penstock:
Penstock is a pipe between the surge tank and the prime-mover. The structural design of the penstock is same as for any other pipe expect it has to bear high pressure on the inside surface during sudden decease in the load and increase in the load. Penstocks are made of steel through reinforced concrete. Penstocks are usually equipped with the head gates at the inlet which can be closed during the repair of the penstocks, A sufficient water head should be provided above the penstock entrance in the forebay or surge tank to avoid the formation of vortices which may carry air in to the penstock and resulting in lower turbine blade efficiency.
Spillway:
The function of spillway is to provide safety of the dam. Spillway should have the capacity to discharge major floods without damage to the dam and at the same time keeps the reservoir levels below some predetermined maximum level.
Power House:
A power house consists of two main parts, a sub-structure to support the hydraulic and electrical equipment and a superstructure to house and protect this equipment.
The superstructure of most power plants is the buildings that house all the operating equipment. The generating unit and the exciter is located in the ground floor. The turbines which rotate on vertical axis are placed below the floor level while those rotating on a horizontal axis are placed on the ground floor alongside of the generator.
Prime movers or Hydro Turbines:
The main function of prime movers or hydro turbines is to convert the kinetic energy of the water in to the mechanical energy to produce the electric power. The prime movers which are in common use are pelton wheel, francis turbine and kaplan turbines.
Draft tube:
The draft tube is a part of the reaction turbine. The draft tube is a diverging discharge passage connecting the running with tailrace. It is shaped to decelerate the flow with a minimum loss so that the remaining kinetic energy of the water coming out of the runner is efficiently regained by converting into suction head., thereby increasing the total pressure difference on the runner. This regain of kinetic energy of the water coming out from the reaction turbine is the primary function of the draft tube. The regain of static suction head in case where the runner is located above the tail water level is the secondary purpose of the draft tube.
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