Question

F. Answer the following questions briefly.
1.
How does common cold spread?
2. What organisms are used to prepare ice creams and jellies?
3. What are the different shapes of bacteria?
4. Name two diseases in humans and plants caused by fungi.
5. Name one human and one plant disease caused by bacteria.
6. What are carriers? Give examples.
7. What is alcoholic fermentation?
8.
Explain the technique of pasteurisation.
9. How is freezing used in the preservation of food?
10. How do microrganisms play an important role in keeping the environment clean?

it is short question answer ​

Answer 1

Answer and explanations:

1. By respiratory droplets and saliva
2. Gelidium and Gracilaria
3. coccus, bacillus, vibrio and spirillum
4. Human- Athlete's foot, Ringworm Plant- leaf spot, rust
5. Human- Tuberculosis Plant- fire blight
6. Carriers are the transport of pathogens which carries the infection-causing microorganisms to the host of pathogens. eg. female Anopheles Mosquitoes are carriers for plasmodium causing malaria
7. Alcoholic fermentation is a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products in the absence of oxygen I.e. anaerobic conditions
8. Pasteurisation is a process in which packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juices) are treated with mild heat, usually to less than 100 °C (212 °F), to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life. The process is intended to destroy or deactivate organisms and enzymes that contribute to spoilage or risk of disease, including vegetative bacteria.
9. Freezing, in food processing, method of preserving food by lowering the temperature to inhibit microorganism growth. The method has been used for centuries in cold regions, and a patent was issued in Britain as early as 1842 for freezing food by immersion in ice and salt brine.
10. This is because the microorganisms decompose dead organic waste of plants and animals converting them into simple substances. These substances are again used by other plants and animals. Thus, microorganisms can be used to degrade harmful and smelly substances and thereby clean up the environment.