Factors of British power expension in pulau Pinang
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i. Penang:
In 1592, the first English ship, the Edward Bonaventure, reached the island of Penang in the Straits of Malacca. By 1600, the East India Company had established twelve factories in the Malay Archipelago. But by 1625, it felt that the Malaya spices did not provide adequate profits and then decided to concentrate its trade activities on India. Private British traders, though, continued to maintain trade contact with the Straits, trading mostly in and pepper from the Straits and cotton piece-goods from India.
In 1784, Fracia Light, acting on behalf of the East India Company, signed an agreement with the Sultan of Kedah allowing an English settlement on the and of Penang. The English in return promised to help the Sultan militarily in case of attacks from his neighbours. Government of Madras refused to ratify this agreement for fear that it involves the Company in unnecessary wars without bringing in adequate gains.