Fair labor association and the worker rights consortium differed on how to establish and enforece
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In order to advance their strategies, the nongovernmental monitoring organizations are taking on activities that were previously the purview of state and international regulatory bodies. They are working to fill holes in traditional government regulation and to transform the nature of existing monitoring. These initiatives involve new forms of collaboration, new roles for NGOs, new responsibilities of firms, new responses from local and national government authorities, and most important for this study, new types of information on the compliance of firms with international labor standards.
NEW SYSTEMS OF LABOR MONITORING
Nongovernmental systems of labor monitoring and reporting are both more diverse and “messier” than traditional regulatory approaches, going beyond fixed rules and standards, government monitoring and enforcement, and judicial review (Arthurs, 2001; Lipschutz, 2000; Reinicke, 1998). Nongovernmental initiatives involve multiple actors in new roles and relationships, experimenting with new processes of standard setting, monitoring, benchmarking, public reporting, and enforcement. In a number of ways, these new initiatives follow the evolving global production processes.
CODES OF CONDUCT
Nongovernmental monitoring systems are based on voluntary standards, usually embodied in codes of conduct, which specify norms and rules by which to evaluate factory performance. These standards are sometimes quite specific, detailing precise rules of action; in other cases, they present only general principles of good practice (Braithwaite and Drahos, 2000). In both the United States and Europe
NTERNAL FIRM COMPLIANCE MONITORING
Many large brands and retailers have developed procedures for monitoring supplier compliance with their newly created codes of conduct. The Gap, for instance, has a Vendor Compliance Department with more than 100 staff who are responsible for monitoring the implementation of the company’s code of conduct throughout its global supply chain. Levi’s, Disney, Wal-Mart, H&M, and other companies have established similar programs.
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The layout or arrangement of the uses of the land is known as “land use pattern”. The land may be used for agriculture, forest, pasture etc. Land use is determined by many factors like relief features, climate, soil, density of population, technical and socio-economic factors.