fill in the blank
1. the voters _________ is updated before the elections.
2. A coalition government can be formed by______________ or more parties.
3. in the USA the blacks got the right to vote in ___________.
4. election ___________ contain the programmes and promises of political parties.
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Accountability, Transparency, Participation, and Inclusion: A New Development Consensus?
THOMAS CAROTHERS, SASKIA BRECHENMACHER
OCTOBER 20, 2014
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Source: Getty
Summary: The wide-reaching consensus around the normative and instrumental value of accountability, transparency, participation, and inclusion remains less solid than enthusiasts of these concepts might wish.
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Four key principles—accountability, transparency, participation, and inclusion—have in recent years become nearly universal features of the policy statements and programs of international development organizations. Yet this apparently widespread new consensus is deceptive: behind the ringing declarations lie fundamental fissures over the value and application of these concepts. Understanding and addressing these divisions is crucial to ensuring that the four principles become fully embedded in international development work.
AN INCOMPLETE BRIDGE
Accountability, transparency, participation, and inclusion represent vital embodiments of the opening to politics that occurred in development work in the 1990s. They bridge three distinct practitioner communities that emerged from this new direction—those focusing on governance, on democracy, and on human rights.
But consensus remains elusive. Democracy and human rights practitioners generally embrace an explicitly political understanding of the four concepts and fear technocratic or purely instrumentalist approaches. Governance specialists often follow a narrower approach, applying the core principles primarily to the quest for greater public sector effectiveness.