find charge on each capacitor
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Answer:
ExplanatiFor series connected capacitors, the charging current ( iC ) flowing through the capacitors is THE SAME for all capacitors as it only has one path to follow.
Then, Capacitors in Series all have the same current flowing through them as iT = i1 = i2 = i3 etc. Therefore each capacitor will store the same amount of electrical charge, Q on its plates regardless of its capacitance. This is because the charge stored by a plate of any one capacitor must have come from the plate of its adjacent capacitor. Therefore, capacitors connected together in series must have the same charge.
QT = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 ….etc
Consider the following circuit in which the three capacitors, C1, C2 and C3 are all connected together in a series branch across a supply voltage between points A and B.
Capacitors in a Series Connection
capacitors in series circuit
In the previous parallel circuit we saw that the total capacitance, CT of the circuit was equal to the sum of all the individual capacitors added together. In a series connected circuit however, the total or equivalent capacitance CT is calculated differently.
In the series circuit above the right hand plate of the first capacitor, C1 is connected to the left hand plate of the second capacitor, C2 whose right hand plate is connected to the left hand plate of the third capacitor, C3. Then this series connection means that in a DC connected circuit, capacitor C2 is effectively isolated from the circuit.
The result of this is that the effective plate area has decreased to the smallest individual capacitance connected in the series chain. Therefore the voltage drop across each capacitor will be different depending upon the values of the individual capacitance’s.
Then by applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, ( KVL ) to the above circuit, we get:
current through capacitors in series
Since Q = C*V and rearranging for V = Q/C, substituting Q/C for each capacitor voltage VC in the above KVL equation will give us:
circuit current
dividing each term through by Q gives
Series Capacitors Equation
capacitors in series equation
When adding together Capacitors in Series, the reciprocal ( 1/C ) of the individual capacitors are all added together ( just like resistors in parallel ) instead of the capacitance’s themselves. Then the total value for capacitors in series equals the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual capacitances.
Capacitors in Series Example No1
Taking the three capacitor values from the above example, we can calculate the total capacitance, CT for the three capacitors in series as:
total series capacitance
One important point to remember about capacitors that are connected together in a series configuration, is that the total circuit capacitance ( CT ) of any number of capacitors connected together in series will always be LESS than the value of the smallest capacitor in the series and in our example above CT = 0.055μF with the value of the smallest capacitor in the series chain is only 0.1μF.
This reciprocal method of calculation can be used for calculating any number of individual capacitors connected together in a single series network. If however, there are only two capacitors in series, then a much simpler and quicker formula can be used and is given as:
total capacitance in series
If the two series connected capacitors are equal and of the same value, that is: C1 = C2, we can simplify the above equation further as follows to find the total capacitance of the series combination.
equal value capacitors
Then we can see that if and only if the two series connected capacitors are the same and equal, then the total capacitance, CT will be exactly equal to one half of the capacitance value, that is: C/2.
With series connected resistors, the sum of all the voltage drops across the series circuit will be equal to the applied voltage VS ( Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law ) and this is also true about capacitors in series.
With series connected capacitors, the capacitive reactance of the capacitor acts as an impedance due to the frequency of the supply. This capacitive reactance produces a voltage drop across each capacitor, therefore the series connected capacitors act as a capacitive voltage divider network.
The result is that the voltage divider formula applied to resistors can also be used to find the individual voltages for two capacitors in series. Then:
voltage across series capacitors
Where: CX is the capacitance of the capacitor in question, VS is the supply voltage across the series chain and VCX is the voltage drop across the target capacitor.
Capacitors in Series Example No2
Find the overall capacitance and the individual rms voltage drops across the following sets of two capacitors in series when connected to a 12V AC suplly