find out how buffers and interrupts are used when sending data to memories such as DVDS and solid state eg pen drive
Answers
Answer:
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software is used. D.M.A. i.e. direct memory access uses a technique of waiting until the data gets copied in the form of loop and it even interrupts to signify that it is not done as yet.
Explanation:
The simplest way of sending data to a device is programmed I/O. The program (driver or whatever) loops reading the device's status register until the device can accept the next byte or word, then writes the byte or word. This is simple to implement (and the way MSDOS and other early "operating systems" did it) but it ties to the CPU for the entire transfer, spending most of its cycles just waiting on the device.
Enter Direct Memory Access (DMA). DMA is hardware that does the "wait-until-ready/copy-data" loop and signals an interrupt when it's done. In the simplest case, the CPU puts the data in a buffer, sets up the DMA engine, starts the operation, and does something else until the DMA signals that it is done.
With buses such as the old PC ISA bus, where only the CPU could be bus master (i.e., initiate a bus transfer) the DMA hardware had to be on the "CPU side" of the bus and common for all devices. On buses like PCI and PCIe where devices can also be bus master, the DMA in usually built into each device (often implemented in the device's firmware).
Chained I/O is an enhancement where multiple DMA operations can be queued up, and the DMA can immediately proceed to the next operation without waiting for the CPU to set it up. This is particularly handy with virtual memory, since contiguous virtual memory pages may be scattered throughout physical memory.
Command queuing is a more advanced scheme that builds on the chained I/O idea and is used with complex devices such as network devices and GPUs. The CPU and the device communicate via First-In First-Out (FIFO) queues of commands in and results back. Both the CPU and the device can operate continuously without stopping for the other (until a queue gets full or empty).
Answer:
Let's first understand what are 'Buffers'. They are temporary memory where memory is stored for a short period of time
Interrupts are signals sent to device to device telling them that either the tsak is done or there is a problem occurring in doing the task
Explanation:
Like CPU uses DMA(DIRECT memory access) to temporarily store some info and when DMA completes it it sends signal to CPU that it is done.