Find the inverse of the following matrices using Gauss Jordan Method .
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Answers
Answer:
We write matrix A on the left and the Identity matrix I on its right separated with a dotted line, as follows. The result is called an augmented matrix.
We include row numbers to make it clearer.
10 8 6
4 12 11
9 13 14
1 0 0 Row[1]
0 1 0 Row[2]
0 0 1 Row[3]
Next we do several row operations on the 2 matrices and our aim is to end up with the identity matrix on the left, like this:
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
? ? ? Row[1]
? ? ? Row[2]
? ? ? Row[3]
(Technically, we are reducing matrix A to reduced row echelon form, also called row canonical form).
The resulting matrix on the right will be the inverse matrix of A.
Our row operations procedure is as follows:
We get a "1" in the top left corner by dividing the first row
Then we get "0" in the rest of the first column
Then we need to get "1" in the second row, second column
Then we make all the other entries in the second column "0".
We keep going like this until we are left with the identity matrix on the left.
Let's now go ahead and find the inverse.
Solution
We start with:
10 8 6
4 12 11
9 13 14
1 0 0 Row[1]
0 1 0 Row[2]
0 0 1 Row[3]
New Row [1]
Divide Row [1] by 10 (to give us a "1" in the desired position):
This gives us:
1 0.8 0.6
4 12 11
9 13 14
0.1 0 0 Row[1]
0 1 0 Row[2]
0 0 1 Row[3]
New Row [2]
Row[2] − 4 × Row[1] (to give us 0 in the desired position):
4 − 4 × 1 = 0
12 − 4 × 0.8 = 8.8
11 − 4 × 0.6 = 8.6
0 − 4 × 0.1 = -0.4
1 − 4 × 0 = 1
0 − 4 × 0 = 0
This gives us our new Row [2]:
1 0.8 0.6
0 8.8 8.6
9 13 14
0.1 0 0 Row[1]
-0.4 1 0 Row[2]
0 0 1 Row[3]
New Row [3]
Row[3] − 9 × Row[1] (to give us 0 in the desired position):
9 − 9 × 1 = 0
13 − 9 × 0.8 = 5.8
14 − 9 × 0.6 = 8.6
0 − 9 × 0.1 = -0.9
0 − 9 × 0 = 0
1 − 9 × 0 = 1
This gives us our new Row [3]:
1 0.8 0.6
0 8.8 8.6
0 5.8 8.6
0.1 0 0 Row[1]
-0.4 1 0 Row[2]
-0.9 0 1 Row[3]
New Row [2]
Divide Row [2] by 8.8 (to give us a "1" in the desired position):
This gives us:
1 0.8 0.6
0 1 0.9773
0 5.8 8.6
0.1 0 0 Row[1]
-0.0455 0.1136 0 Row[2]
-0.9 0 1 Row[3]
New Row [1]
Row[1] − 0.8 × Row[2] (to give us 0 in the desired position):
1 − 0.8 × 0 = 1
0.8 − 0.8 × 1 = 0
0.6 − 0.8 × 0.9773 = -0.1818
0.1 − 0.8 × -0.0455 = 0.1364
0 − 0.8 × 0.1136 = -0.0909
0 − 0.8 × 0 = 0
This gives us our new Row [1]:
1 0 -0.1818
0 1 0.9773
0 5.8 8.6
0.1364 -0.0909 0 Row[1]
-0.0455 0.1136 0 Row[2]
-0.9 0 1 Row[3]
New Row [3]
Row[3] − 5.8 × Row[2] (to give us 0 in the desired position):
0 − 5.8 × 0 = 0
5.8 − 5.8 × 1 = 0
8.6 − 5.8 × 0.9773 = 2.9318
-0.9 − 5.8 × -0.0455 = -0.6364
0 − 5.8 × 0.1136 = -0.6591
1 − 5.8 × 0 = 1
This gives us our new Row [3]:
1 0 -0.1818
0 1 0.9773
0 0 2.9318
0.1364 -0.0909 0 Row[1]
-0.0455 0.1136 0 Row[2]
-0.6364 -0.6591 1 Row[3]
New Row [3]
Divide Row [3] by 2.9318 (to give us a "1" in the desired position):
This gives us:
1 0 -0.1818
0 1 0.9773
0 0 1
0.1364 -0.0909 0 Row[1]
-0.0455 0.1136 0 Row[2]
-0.2171 -0.2248 0.3411 Row[3]
New Row [1]
Row[1] − -0.1818 × Row[3] (to give us 0 in the desired position):
1 − -0.1818 × 0 = 1
0 − -0.1818 × 0 = 0
-0.1818 − -0.1818 × 1 = 0
0.1364 − -0.1818 × -0.2171 = 0.0969
-0.0909 − -0.1818 × -0.2248 = -0.1318
0 − -0.1818 × 0.3411 = 0.062
This gives us our new Row [1]:
1 0 0
0 1 0.9773
0 0 1
0.0969 -0.1318 0.062 Row[1]
-0.0455 0.1136 0 Row[2]
-0.2171 -0.2248 0.3411 Row[3]
New Row [2]
Row[2] − 0.9773 × Row[3] (to give us 0 in the desired position):
0 − 0.9773 × 0 = 0
1 − 0.9773 × 0 = 1
0.9773 − 0.9773 × 1 = 0
-0.0455 − 0.9773 × -0.2171 = 0.1667
0.1136 − 0.9773 × -0.2248 = 0.3333
0 − 0.9773 × 0.3411 = -0.3333
This gives us our new Row [2]:
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0.0969 -0.1318 0.062 Row[1]
0.1667 0.3333 -0.3333 Row[2]
-0.2171 -0.2248 0.3411 Row[3]
We have achieved our goal of producing the Identity matrix on the left. So we can conclude the inverse of the matrix A is the right hand portion of the augmented matrix:
A−1 = 0.0969 -0.1318 0.062
0.1667 0.3333 -0.3333
-0.2171 -0.2248 0.3411
Things to Note
The above explanation shows all steps. A human can usually take a few shortcuts. Also, sometimes there is already a "1" or a "0" in the correct position, and in those cases, we would not need to do anything for that step.
Always write down what you are doing in each step - it is very easy to get lost!
I have shown results correct to 4 decimal place, but best possible accuracy was used throughout. Be aware that small errors from rounding will accumulate throughout the problem. Always use full calculator accuracy! (Make full use of your calculator's memory.)
Very occasionally there are strange results because of the computer's internal representation of numbers. That is, it may store "1" as 0.999999999872.
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