Find the mistake in each of the following sentences and decide what type (a–e on
p. 134) it is.
(a) The proposal has both advantages and disadvantage.
(b) A majority of children in Thailand is vaccinated against measles.
(c) There are few young people in rural area.
(d) Many places are experiencing an increase in crimes.
(e) Each companies have their own policies.
Answers
Explanation:
Measles and rubella are highly contagious viral diseases transmitted via respiratory secretions and aerosolized droplets. Thailand has implemented universal vaccination against measles using the monovalent measles (M) or the trivalent measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine for the past 30 years. Nevertheless, incidence of measles and rubella remains in some parts of the country. We conducted a seroprevalence study to evaluate the antibodies to measles and rubella virus among Thais of all ages and to determine pre-existing immunity resulting from either vaccination and/or natural exposure. A total of 1,781 serum samples collected in 2014 was tested for IgG to measles and rubella virus by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Percentages of individuals with protective antibody levels and the geometric mean concentrations (GMC) of IgG in each age group were analysed. The GMC of anti-measles IgG and anti-rubella IgG were 653.7 IU/L (95% confidence interval (CI); 555.9–751.4) and 39.5 IU/mL (95% CI;35.0–43.9), respectively. Thais between the ages of six months and 25 years did not demonstrate sufficient protective herd immunity for measles. This observation is consistent with the recent measles outbreaks in this age group. Lower prevalence of immunity against rubella was found among children ages 5–6 years who may not have completed vaccination as infants. Our findings identify gaps in rubella and measles immunity in specific age groups and support recommendations for catch-up MMR vaccination in individuals 30 years of age or younger.
Citation: Wanlapakorn N, Wasitthankasem R, Vichaiwattana P, Auphimai C, Yoocharoen P, Vongpunsawad S, et al. (2019) Antibodies against measles and rubella virus among different age groups in Thailand: A population-based serological survey. PLoS ONE 14(11): e0225606. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225606
Editor: Abdallah M. Samy, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University (ASU), EGYPT
Received: June 28, 2019; Accepted: November 7, 2019; Published: November 26, 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Wanlapakorn et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The main funder is The Health Systems Research Institute (HSRI), Thailand. YP received the award. The Rachadapisek Sompote Fund of Chulalongkorn University supported the postdoctoral fellowship position to Rujipat Wasitthankasem. This work was also supported by the National Research Council of Thailand, the Research Chair Grant from the National Science and Technology Development Agency (P-15-5004), the Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist
Answer:
Explanation:
The shining light hides behind my eyes,
Comes in a super nova surprise
My spirit glides into the skies,
Spreading the perfect heat like the sunrise
I was like a diamond under the beauty of the ocean!
My current rides out with smooth motions,
Leaving a taste with intense emotion
Captured by my tides, sunk to my love potion
The sun sends my waves like a mirage of snow
I got the moon to favor upon my glow
With every star touching my inner soul
A glimpse of darkness in my light entwining with a massive flow
Blinded by my own ECLIPSE!
My sun & moon collide
Until the day we both touch lips