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Homoeopathy is a form of alternative medicine, first proposed by German physician Samuel Hahnemann in 1796, that attempts to treat patients with heavily diluted medicines. Homoeopathic remedies are prepared by serial dilution with shaking by forceful striking, which homoeopaths term succession after each dilution under the assumption that this increases the effect of the treatment. Homoeopaths call this process potentization. Dilution often continues until none of the original substance remains. Homoeopathic reference books known as repertories are then consulted, and a remedy is selected based on the totality of symptoms. Homoeopathic remedies are considered safe but are criticized for putting patients at risk due to advice against conventional medicine such as vaccinations, antimalarial drugs, and antibiotics. Depending on the dilution, homoeopathic remedies may not contain any pharmacologically active molecules, and for such remedies to have pharmacological effect would violate fundamental principles of science. Modern homoeopaths have proposed that water has a memory that allows homoeopathic preparations to work without any of the original substance; however, there are no verified observations nor scientifically plausible physical mechanisms for such a phenomenon. The lack of convincing scientific evidence supporting homoeopathy’s efficacy and its use of remedies lacking active ingredients have caused homoeopathy to be described as pseudoscience