Question

fishes: evolution. pressure and adaptation for water, circulatory،respiratory,osmoregulatory, and excretory system ;plz solve animal diversity question​

Answer 1

Answer:

and environment, they have responded differently in founding optimal respiratory structures. A quintessence of the aphorism that ‘necessity is the mother of invention’, gas exchangers have been inaugurated through stiff cost–benefit analyses that have evoked transaction of trade-offs and compromises. Cogent structural–functional correlations occur in constructions of gas exchangers: within and between taxa, morphological complexity and respiratory efficiency increase with metabolic capacities and oxygen needs. Highly active, small endotherms have relatively better-refined gas exchangers compared with large, inactive ectotherms. Respiratory structures have developed from the plain cell membrane of the primeval prokaryotic unicells to complex multifunctional ones ofthe modern Metazoa. Regarding the respiratory medium used to extract oxygen from, animal life has had only two choices – water or air – within the biological range of temperature and pressure the only naturally occurring respirable fluids. In rarer cases, certain animalshave adapted to using both media. Gills (evaginated gas exchangers) are the primordial respiratory organs: they are the archetypal water breathing organs. Lungs (invaginated gas exchangers) are the model air breathing organs. Bimodal (transitional) breathers occupy the water–air interface. Presentation and exposure of external (water/air) and internal (haemolymph/blood) respiratory media, features determined by geometric arrangement of the conduits, are important features for gas exchange efficiency: counter-current, cross-current, uniform pool and infinite pool designs have variably developed.

Keywords: adaptation, air, evolution, gills, lungs, oxygen, respiration, water

Explanation:

change of anaerobiotic to aerobiotic life, i.e. the evolution of aerobic biochemistry;

accretion of diffusion-dependent unicells into multicellular organisms, complex states that obliged elaboration of convective and perfusive systems for effective delivery of oxygen to far removed tissue cells;

formation of a closed circulatory system from an open one, a design that enhanced return of blood to the heart and delivery of oxygen all over the body;

evolution of metal-based carrier pigments that improved oxygen uptake and transfer by blood/haemolymph;

formation of invaginated respiratory organs (‘lungs’), a transition that was requisite for water conservation on the desiccating terra firma;

physical translocation from water to land, a change that accentuated utilization of lungs as respiratory organs while de-emphasizing that of the gills;

development of double circulation from a single one, a transformation that granted efficient delivery of oxygen to the tissues;

shift from buccal-force-pumping to suctional breathing, a more economical and efficient means of transport of air to the lung;

progression from ectothermic-heterothermy to endothermic-homeothermy, a high-level metabolic state that required evolution of efficient respiratory organs;

capacity for highly energetic lifestyles (e.g. flight), performances that exacted singularly efficient respiratory organs.