five factors responsible for soil formation
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Answer:
Five factors of soil formation
1) Parent material: Parent material is the unconsolidated mineral and organic deposits in which soils are developing. It determines the mineralogical composition and contributes largely to the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. The kind of parent material also influences the rate at which soil forming processes take place.
2) Climate: Climate, particularly temperature, precipitation and frost action have a profound influence on the soil forming processes which occur within a region. The kind of climate largely determines the nature of the weathering processes that will occur and the rates of these chemical and physical processes. It directly affects the type of vegetation in an area which in turn will affect those soil forming processes related to vegetation. Plymouth County is in a transitional climate zone with conditions characteristic of both humid marine and humid continental climates. The winters are quite mild for New England due to the moderating effect of the surrounding Atlantic waters. Temperature and precipitation (approximately 40 in/yr.) govern the rate of chemical and physical weathering of the soils and allows for the accumulation of organic matter in the surface layer of the soils. Moisture is sufficient enough to promote leaching of water-soluble material down through the soil. Cold winter temperatures allow for frost action which physically break apart rock fragments.
3) Biota (organisms): Consists of the micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi, and algae), soil animals (protozoa, nematodes, mites, springtails, spiders, insects, and earthworms) and plants living all or part of their lives in or on the soil or pedosphere.
4) Topography: Topography is the study of the shape and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area could refer to the surface shapes and features themselves, or a description.
Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science and is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief but also natural and artificial features, and even local history and culture. This meaning is less common in the United States, where topographic maps with elevation contours have made "topography" synonymous with relief.
5) Time: The formation of soils is a continuing process and generally takes several thousand years for significant changes to take place. The soils of Plymouth County began to develop immediately after the ice retreat of the last glaciation (Pleistocene), approximately 14,000 years ago. The soils are considered to be relatively young soils with slight alteration of parent material and weak soil horizon development. Most of the soil orders mapped in Plymouth County are Inceptisols, Entisols, and Spodosols.
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Answer:
Explanation:
1. Parent Material: It is deposited by streams or derived from in-situ weathering. In this stage, soil inherits many properties like the mineral composition, the colour, the particle size and the chemical elements. For example- Black soil derived its colour from lava rock.
2. Climate: It is one of the important factors in the formation of soil because it affects the rate of weathering of the parent rock.
3. Role of precipitation: The variability in the precipitation modified the composition of the soil. For Example- Areas with little rainfall with high rate of evaporation led to the accumulation of salts in the soil. The soils underlying tropical rain forests tend to be nutrient-poor because of intensive leaching due to heavy rains.
4. Role of temperature: It is also play important role because fluctuations in temperature causes shrinking and swelling, frost action and general weathering in soils.
5. Topography (Relief, Altitude and Slope): It is considered as passive factor to modifying the effects of climate because it affects soil processes, soil distribution and the type of vegetation.