flow chart to show transmission on nerve impulse
Answers
Answer:
A nerve impulse is the electric signals that pass along the dendrites to generate a nerve impulse or an action potential. An action potential is the movement of ions in and out of the cell. It specifically involves sodium and potassium ions. They are moved in and out of the cell through sodium and potassium channels and sodium-potassium pump.
Conduction of nerve impulse occurs due to the presence of active and electronic potentials along the conductors. Transmission of signals internally between the cells is achieved through a synapse. Nerve conductors comprise of relatively higher membrane resistance and low axial resistance. The electrical synapse has its application in escape reflexes, heart and in the retina of vertebrates. They are mainly used whenever there is a requirement of fast response and timing being crucial. The ionic currents pass through the two cell membrane when the action potential reaches the stage of such synapse.
Mechanism of Transmission of Nerve Impulse
The axon or nerve fibers are in the form of a cylinder wherein the interior of the axon is filled with axoplasm and the exterior is covered with axolemma. The nerve fibers are immersed in ECF. The solution is in ionic form that is present in axoplasm and extracellular fluid or ECF.
Outside the axon, the negatively charged chloride ions are neutralized in the presence of positively charged sodium ions. Negatively charged protein molecules are neutralized in the presence of potassium ions within the axoplasm. The membrane of a neuron -ve inside and +ve outside. Resting potential would be the difference in charge. The difference in charge might vary from seventy to ninety millivolts, as a result, the membrane would be polarized. Sodium potassium metallic pump operates to keep resting potential in equilibrium.
The pump is placed on the axon membrane. Now the potassium ions are pumped from ECF to axoplasm and sodium ions are placed from axoplasm to ECF. The concentration level of sodium ions would be between twenty-eight to thirty times more inside the neuron membrane and the concentration level of sodium ions would be fourteen times more in outside the neuron membrane.
The sodium-potassium pump stops operating when a stimulus is applied to a membrane of a nerve fiber. The stimulus could be either electrical, chemical or mechanical. The potassium ions rush outside the membrane and sodium ions rush inside the membrane as a result negative charges are present outside and positive charges are present inside.
The nerve fibers are either depolarized or they are said to be in action potential. The action potential traveling along the membrane would be the nerve impulse. It is around + 30 mV. The sodium-potassium pump starts to operate once the action potential is completed. As a result, the axon membrane will obtain a resting potential by repolarization.
Now the process takes place in a reverse order. It is a reversal of the process that has taken place during an action potential. Here, potassium ions will be rushed inside and sodium ions will be rushed outside. Impulse would not be transmitted through the nerve fiber during the refractory period.
In a case of white fibers, saltatory propagation takes place. That is impulse jumps from node to node and it increases with increase in speed of nerve impulse. It is around twenty times faster compared to that of the non-medullated nerve fibers. The transmission of nerve impulse would rely upon the diameter of the fiber. For instance, the nerve impulse of a mammal is one twenty meters per second whereas nerve impulse of a Frog is 30 meters per second.
Explanation:
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The transmission of nerve impulses across the axon of a neuron (presynaptic neuron) to the dendrites of another neuron (post-synaptic neuron) occurs through the synapse.
What is a synpase?
- The synapse is the junction between two neurons.
- A synapse may or may not be separated by a gap
- Synaptic Cleft is found only in the case of chemical synapses, where there is a gap in between the presynaptic and the post-synaptic neurons and the space between them is filled with a type of fluid.
Types of Synapses:
Synapses are mainly of two types:
A] ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES:
- These synapses are very rare in our body.
- The axon terminals of the presynaptic neurons and the dendrites of the post-synaptic neurons are in such close proximity, that electrical impulses can directly flow from one neuron to another neuron without any hindrance.
- The rate of transmission of impulses is much faster than electrical impulses.
B] CHEMICAL SYNAPSES:
- The most common type of synapse found in the human body.
- The electrical impulse after reaching the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron is chemically transmitted to the dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron with the help of certain chemicals known as neurotransmitters.
The neurotransmitters can be excitatory or inhibitory in nature, and depending on this they may alter the amplitude of firing of the post-synaptic neurons. - The rate of transmission of impulses is slow.
The axon terminals of neurons in such cases contain synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters that help in the transmission of the impulses across the synaptic cleft.
The impulses are transmitted following a sequence of events as listed below:
The impulse reaches the axon terminal
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The synaptic vesicles are stimulated to move towards the axolemma (cell membrane)
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The synaptic vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release the neurotransmitters stored within them
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The released neurotransmitters bind with their specific 'receptors' on the dendrites of the post-synaptic neurons
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This opens the ions channels on the post-synaptic neurons that initiate a new action potential
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Prior to this, the neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft are degraded or transported back into the synaptic vesicles which prevent excessive or continuous triggering/firing of neurons.
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