Question

Following the onset of industrialization and the sustained urban growth of large population centre’s,

the buildup of waste in the cities has caused a rapid deterioration in levels of sanitation and the

general quality of urban life. The streets are gradually becoming choked with filth due to the lack of

waste clearance regulations. So keeping cleaning cities is essential for keeping the residents healthy.

Our health depends not just on personal hygiene and nutrition, but critically also on how clean we

keep our cities and our surroundings. The spread of dengue and chikungunya is intimately linked to

the deteriorating state of public health conditions in our cities. Waste Management is the complete

process of handling, processing, transporting, storage, recycling and disposal of human, industrial

and environmental waste. Waste Management is a global phenomenon, but its ramifications are more

prominent in developing countries. The good news is that waste management to keep cities clean is

now getting attention through the "Swachh Bharat Mission" in our country. However, much of the

attention begins and stops with the brooms and the dustbins, extending at most to the collection and

transportation of the mixed waste to some distant or not so distant place, preferably out of sight..

The challenge of processing and treating the different streams of solid waste and safe disposal of the

residuals in scientific landfills have received much less attention in Municipal solid waste

management than is expected from a health point of view. Weak institutions, chronic under-

resourcing and rapid urbanization are major challenges to waste management in a developing

country like India..

One of the problems is that instead of focusing on waste management for health, we have got

sidetracked into ‘‘waste for energy’’. If only we were to begin by not mixing the biodegradable

component of solid waste (close to 60 percent of the total) in our cities with the dry waste, and instead

using this stream of waste for composting and producing a gas called methane.

Waste collection and disposal methods vary widely among different countries and regions. For

example, curbside collection is the most common method of disposal in most European countries,

Canada, New Zealand and many other parts of the developed world in which waste is collected at

regular intervals by specialized trucks..

Domestic waste collection services are often provided by the local government authorities, or by

private companies for industrial and commercial waste. Some areas, especially those in less

developed countries, do not have formal waste- Collection systems.

In major areas of our country, city compost from biodegradable waste provides an alternative to

farmyard manure (like cow-dung). It provides an opportunity to simultaneously clean up our cities and

help improve agricultural productivity and quality of the soil. Organic manure or compost plays a very

important role as a supplement to chemical fertilizers in enriching the nutrient-deficient soils. City

Compost can be the new player in the field. Benefits of compost to the farm are well-known. The

water holding capacity of the soil which uses compost helps in drought-proofing, and the requirement

of less water per crop is a welcomed feature for a water-stressed future. By making the soil porous,

use of Compost also makes roots stronger and resistant to pests and decay. Farmers using Compost,

therefore, needs less quantity of pesticides. There is also evidence to show, that horticulture crops

grown with compost have better flavor, size, colour and shelf-life. City compost has the additional

advantage of being weed-free, unlike farmyard manure which brings with it the seeds of undigested

grasses and requires a substantial additional labour cost for weeding as the crops grow. City compost

is also rich in organic carbon, and our soils are short in this. Farmers clearly recognize the value of

city compost. If city waste was composted before making it available to the farmers for applying to the

soil, cities would be cleaned up and the fields around them would be much more productive.

Quite apart from cleaning up the cities of biodegradable waste, this would be a major and sustainable

contribution to improving the health of our soil without further damage by excessive chemical inputs.​

Answer 1

Answer:

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