for the survival of his religion and community of his believers what action had been taken by Muhammad class 11th
Answers
Explanation:
1. Rise of Islam
Three Phases – Faith, Community & politics
(a) Faith :
Polytheistic Arabs :
a) Umayyads and Polity
The third caliph, Uthman (644-56) was assassinated and Ali became the fourth caliph
The rifts among the Muslims deepened after Ali (656-61) fought two wars against those who represented the Meccan aristocracy.
Ali’s supporters and enemies later came to form the two main sects of Islam: Shias and Sunnis.
Ali established himself at Kufa and defeated an army led by Muhammad’s wife, Aisha, in the Battle of the Camel (657). He was, however, not able to suppress the faction led by Muawiya, a kinsman of Uthman and the governor of Syria.
The first Umayyad caliph, Muawiya became the next caliph in 661, and founded the Umayyad dynasty in 661 which lasted till 750.
Muawiya moved his capital to Damascus and adopted the court ceremonies and administrative institutions of the Byzantine Empire.
b) Abbasid Revolution
was laid by Abu-ol-Abbas.
Under Abbasid rule, Arab influence declined, while the importance of Iranian culture increased. The Abbasids established their capital at Baghdad
The ninth century witnessed the downfall of Abbaside empire, which created space for the emergence of several sultanates
c) Break-up of the Caliphate and the Rise of Sultanate
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