formula of ring in maths
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Therefore, the area of a circular ring = π(R + r) (R - r), where R and r are the radii of the outer circle and the inner circle respectively.
R is an abelian group under addition, meaning that:
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) for all a, b, c in R (that is, + is associative).
a + b = b + a for all a, b in R (that is, + is commutative).
There is an element 0 in R such that a + 0 = a for all a in R (that is, 0 is the additive identity).
For each a in R there exists −a in R such that a + (−a) = 0 (that is, −a is the additive inverse of a).
R is a monoid under multiplication, meaning that:
(a · b) · c = a · (b · c) for all a, b, c in R (that is, · is associative).
There is an element 1 in R such that a · 1 = a and 1 · a = a for all a in R (that is, 1 is the multiplicative identity).[5]
Multiplication is distributive with respect to addition, meaning that:
a ⋅ (b + c) = (a · b) + (a · c) for all a, b, c in R (left distributivity).
(b + c) · a = (b · a) + (c · a) for all a, b, c in R (right distributivity).