Four ecological problems posed by mineral extration in india
Answers
absolute terms. Whether or not an over burden dump is unpleasant to the eye besides the subjective dimension of the question is very much a matter of integration into the surrounding environment (Jain, 2003). Physical screening, screen planting, landscaping and the use of existing features contribute to local surroundings. Clearly, it is difficult to measure visual impacts quantitatively through standards and regulations. It is generally agreed, that the value placed on a certain type of landscape is a subjective issue and in some cases, for example, authorities have refused permits for landscape reasons, when in fact, there is no opposition from local residents. Erosion and sedimentation Degradation due to erosion starts right from the source viz., rainsplash on overburden dumps induce erosion which goes on increasing in the form of sheet, reel and gully erosion. Gully erosion affects the aesthetic quality of the site as well as stability of the dumps. Nutrient value of the dumps goes down which might be helpful in revegetation of the dump top and dump slopes. Along with these the material is also lost from the dumps. Because of the large area of land disturbed by mining operations and the large quantities of earthen materials exposed at sites, erosion can be a major concern at hard-rock mining sites. Consequently, erosion control must be considered from the beginning of operations through completion of reclamation. Erosion may cause significant loading of sediments (and any entrained chemical pollutants) to nearby water-bodies, especially during severe storm events and high snowmelt periods. Sediment-laden surface runoff typically originates as sheet flow and collects in rills, natural channels or gullies, or artificial conveyances. The ultimate deposition of the sediment may occur in surface waters or it may be deposited within the flood plains of a stream valley. Historically, erosion and sedimentation processes
Explanation:
The outbreak of the First World War had created a new economic and political situation in India:
The outbreak of the First World War had created a new economic and political situation in India:1. The increased defence expenditure was financed by war loans and by raising tax rates, custom duties, etc. There was tremendous price rise during the war years. Between 1913 and 1918, the prices had almost doubled. People, particularly common people, were facing extreme hardships.
2. Forced recruitment in the army caused widespread anger in the villages.
3. The failure of crops in many parts of India had created food shortages, leading to the added misery of the people.
4. In addition to this, there was the outbreak of the great influenza epidemic. Millions of people perished due to influenza and starvation.
5. The nationalist movement grew stronger during the war years. A large number of Muslims were drawn into the anti-British struggle during the war. The defence of the ‘Caliphate’ (Khilafat) became an important question for Muslims. Peasant movements during war period also had helped the nationalist movement to grow stronger.
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