Question

Francois marie arouet role in historiography

Answer 1

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Born in Paris on November 21, 1694.
At the age of nineteen, he was imprisoned for thirteen months for worms he had not made; presented to Ninon de Lenclos, who left him a sum of two thousand livres for his library, and to the other regulars of the Temple, he began under their auspices. In 1720, he suffered a short exile, and, following a quarrel with the Chevalier de Rohan, he was still put in the Bastille in 1726. At thirty-five, he already enjoyed considerable prestige and dominated all his time, but he had created many enemies. He was several times obliged to flee Paris and hide; in 1735 he took refuge in Champagne at the house of Madame du Chatelet, who had been her friend for twenty years, and who exercised great influence over him. Voltaire eagerly sought to be received at the Academy; besides the satisfaction that could be found "this child in love with celebrity" as said Sainte-Beuve, he thought it would be a place more difficult to access his opponents. The religious party, supported by the king, opposed him ardently, preferring Marivaux, the Abbé de Luynes; he had secured the protection of the Duchesse de Chateauroux, which was insufficient. With that of Madame de Pompadour he was happier; Admitted to the court as historiographer of France, and ordinary gentleman of the chamber, he multiplied the approaches to his enemies, Boyer, Languet Gergy, Maurepas, giving them pledges of his orthodoxy in religious matters, disavowing the Letters the philosophies that were reproached to him and which, at their appearance, had had a great reverberation, then were condemned and burned by order of the parliament.
He was finally unanimously elected on May 2, 1746, replacing Jean Bouhier and received by his former master, the Abbé d'Olivet, on May 9 following. His speech was only literary, and he made no reference to questions which might have raised protests; he had taken as his subject: Effects of Poetry on the Genius of Languages. The Academy did not assure him the security he had hoped to find there; he traveled to England, Lorraine, Prussia, Germany; he made an extended stay at the Berlin court in 1750, where he was the commensal of Frederick II, who paid him a pension of 20,000 livres; the suppers of the king and the philosopher are famous. He then retired to voluntary exile at Ferney in 1758, where he remained for twenty years. Though distant from the Academy, he did not cease to occupy himself with it in his correspondence with all the philosophers and literary men of his day; his influence was felt, with alternatives of success and failure, in favor of Duclos, Marmontel, La Harpe, Condorcet, Diderot, Turgot, and against the president of Brosses, whom he prevented from being an academician. He had quarrels with JB Rousseau, Crebillon, Lefranc de Pompignan, Palissot; he fought them with violence; he had also to defend himself against the attacks of Roy, Desfontaines, Piron, Freron. The quarrel he had at Berlin with Maupertuis had been the cause of his break with Frederick. The latter, however, subscribed to the statue which the regulars of Salon Necker had decided to raise to Voltaire during his lifetime.

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Answer 2

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François-Marie d'Arouet (1694–1778), better known by his pen name Voltaire, was a French writer and public activist who played a singular role in defining the eighteenth-century movement called the Enlightenment. At the center of his work was a new conception of philosophy and the philosopher that in several crucial respects influenced the modern concept of each. Yet in other ways Voltaire was not a philosopher at all in the modern sense of the term. He wrote as many plays, stories, and poems as patently philosophical tracts, and he in fact directed many of his critical writings against the philosophical pretensions of recognized philosophers such as Leibniz, Malebranche, and Descartes. He was, however, a vigorous defender of a conception of natural science that served in his mind as the antidote to vain and fruitless philosophical investigation. In clarifying this new distinction between science and philosophy, and especially in fighting vigorously for it in public campaigns directed against the perceived enemies of fanaticism and superstition, Voltaire pointed modern philosophy down several paths that it subsequently followed.

To capture Voltaire's unconventional place in the history of philosophy, this article will be structured in a particular way. First, a full account of Voltaire's life is offered, not merely as background context for his philosophical work, but as an argument about the way that his particular career produced his particular contributions to European philosophy. Second, a survey of Voltaire's philosophical views is offered so as to attach the legacy of what Voltaire did with the intellectual viewpoints that his activities reinforced

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