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Indian independence movement
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It has been suggested that Nationalist Movements in India be merged into this article. (Discuss)
The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending British rule in India. It lasted from 1857 to 1947.[1]
The first nationalistic revolutionary movement for Indian independence emerged from Bengal.[2] It later took root in the newly formed Indian National Congress with prominent moderate leaders seeking only the right to appear for Indian Civil Service examinations in British India, as well as more rights (economical in nature) for the people of the soil. The early part of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards political self-rule proposed by leaders such as the Lal Bal Pal triumvirate, Aurobindo Ghosh and V. O. Chidambaram Pillai.[3]
The last stages of the self-rule struggle from the 1920s were characterized by Congress's adoption of Gandhi's policy of non-violence and civil disobedience. Nationalists like Subhas Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh, and Bagha Jatin preached armed revolution to achieve self-rule. Poets and writers such as Rabindranath Tagore, Subramania Bharati, and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay spread political awareness. Female leaders like Sarojini Naidu, Pritilata Waddedar, and Begum Rokeya promoted the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in national politics.[3] B. R. Ambedkar championed the cause of disadvantaged sections of Indian society.[4] The peak of the campaigns by the Quit India Movement was during World War II led by Congress and the Indian National Army movement led by Subhas Chandra Bose with the help of Japan.[3]
The Indian independence movement encompassed all sections of society. It was in constant ideological evolution. Although the underlying ideology was anti-colonial, it was supported by a vision of independent capitalist economic development coupled with a secular, democratic, republican, and civil-libertarian political structure. After the 1930s, the movement took on a strong socialist orientation. The work of these various movements ultimately led to the Indian Independence Act 1947, which ended suzerainty in India, and created Pakistan.
India remained a Crown Dominion until 26 January 1950, when the Constitution of India came into force, establishing the Republic of India; Pakistan was a dominion until 1956 when it adopted its first republican constitution. In 1971, East Pakistan declared independence as the People's Republic of Bangladesh.[5]
Background
Early Rebellions
Rise of organised movements
Rise of Indian nationalism
Partition of Bengal, 1905
All India Muslim League
First World War
Gandhi arrives in India
Purna Swaraj
Elections and the Lahore resolution
Revolutionary movement
Final process of Indian self-rule movement
Impact of World War II
Sovereignty and partition of India
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Last edited 1 day ago by RegentsPark
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