Question

french revolution and its causes in 20 marks
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Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

The upheaval was caused by widespread discontent with the French monarchy and the poor economic policies of King Louis XVI, who met his death by guillotine, as did his wife Marie Antoinette.

Although scholarly debate continues about the exact causes of the Revolution, the following reasons are commonly adduced: (1) the bourgeoisie resented its exclusion from political power and positions of honour; (2) the peasants were acutely aware of their situation and were less and less willing to support

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Answer 2

Political causes :-

• Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France . Added to this was the cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles .
• Under Louis XVI , France helped the 13 American colonies to gain their independence . The war added more than billion Livres to a debt that had already risen to more than 2 billion Livres .

Social causes :-

• The members of the 1st two estates i.e. the Clergy and the Nobility enjoyed certain privileges by birth .
• The most imp. of these was the exemption from paying taxes to the state .
• The churches too extracted its share of taxes called Tithes from the peasants and all members of the 3rd estate had to pay taxes to the state .

Economic causes :-

• The prodn. of grains could not keep pace with the demand . so the price of bread which was the staple diet of the majority rose rapidly .
• Most workers were employed as labours in workshops . Wages didn't keep pace with the rise in prices . So the gap b/w the poor and rich widened .

Rise of middle classes :-

• The 18th century witnesses the emergence of social groups termed as the middle class .
• All of these were educated and believed that no group in society could be privileged by birth .
• They believed in freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all .

Role of Philosophers :-

• In his two treaties of govt. , Locke sought to refuse the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch . Rousseau carried the idea forward proposing a form of govt. based on a social contract b/w people and their representatives .
• In the Spirit of Laws , Montesquieu proposed a division of power within he govt. b/w the legislative , executive and the Judiciary .