French revolution main theme answer??
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The ideals of the French Revolution are Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.
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The French Revolution began in May 1789 when the Ancien Régime was abolished in favour of a constitutional monarchy. Its replacement in September 1792 by the First French Republic led to the Execution of Louis XVI in January 1793, and an extended period of political turmoil. This culminated in the appointment of Napoleon as First Consul in November 1799, which is generally taken as its end point. Many of its principles are now considered the basis of modern Liberal democracy.
The Revolution was one of a series of late 18th century regime changes, which included the American Revolution, but despite sharing certain Enlightenment ideas like social justice, the underlying issues and thus responses were very different.Between 1700 and 1789, the French population increased from 18 million to 26 million, leading to large numbers of unemployed, accompanied by sharp rises in food prices caused by years of bad harvests.High levels of state debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War led to tax increases, borne disproportionately by the lower classes.Exacerbated by an unusually cold winter in 1788/1789, widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates General in May 1789.
The Estates were split into three separate houses, which allowed the Nobility and Clergy to outvote the Third Estate representing the vast majority of the population. In June, the Commons invited the other two Estates to join them in the National Assembly; initially led by moderates like Lafayette, it became increasingly radical. The July Storming of the Bastille was followed by the abolition of feudalism in August, while the October Women's March on Versailles forced the royal court back to Paris.
The next three years were dominated by the political struggle between Louis XVI and the Legislative Assembly; his refusal to approve reforms and concerns external powers were preparing to intervene on his behalf led to the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792. Public unrest at high prices, political stalemate and military defeat resulted in the Insurrection of 10 August 1792, abolition of the monarchy and establishment of the First French Republic on 22 September 1792. Its goals were to unify the French people by introducing fairer taxes and democratic elections, but Louis' execution in January 1793 caused deep divisions between moderate Girondins and more radical Montagnards.
European powers like Austria viewed the Revolution as a threat, and its course was closely shaped by external events. In February 1793, the Assembly announced a levée en masse or conscription law, triggering widespread unrest in South-West France; in June, popular agitation led by the Jacobin clubs in Paris removed the Girondin government. Led by Maximilien Robespierre, the Committee of Public Safety imposed price controls on food, abolished slavery, established universal suffrage and replaced the Catholic church with the Cult of the Supreme Being.
However, politics was increasingly dominated by the Reign of Terror, an attack on alleged "counter-revolutionaries". By the time it ended in July 1794, over 3,000 had been executed in Paris alone, including Robespierre. A series of Royalist and Jacobin revolts led to the suspension of elections and creation of the French Directory in November 1795; despite stabilising the currency, and military success, the strain of financing the war led to economic stagnation and internal divisions. Dogged by charges of corruption, in November 1799 the Directory was abolished by the coup of 18 Brumaire led by Napoleon Bonaparte; the establishment of the French Consulate is generally viewed as marking the end of the Revolutionary period.
Many of the Revolution's phrases and symbols such as La Marseillaise and Liberté, fraternité, égalité, ou la mort, re-surfaced in similar upheavals, including the Russian Revolution over a century later. Over the next two centuries, some of its key documents, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, inspired campaigns for principles such as the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage.
The Revolution ended Feudalism in France, emancipated individuals, promoted more equitable division of landed property, abolished the Nobility and created nominal equality of male citizens. It established the principles of total war by organising the resources of France and the lives of its citizens towards the objective of national defence.[8] Globally, it exported principles such as liberalism, Political radicalism, nationalism, and secularism, while its values and institutions dominate French politics to this day. Many historians regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.
The ideals of the French Revolution are Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.
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