Question

From the beginning of time history class 11 project

Answer 1

Class XI- Chapter-1 From the beginning of Time


Chapter-1


FROM THE BEGINNING OF TIME


Sources to understand early human history


Discoveries of human fossils, stone tools and cave paintings help us to understand early human history. Each of these discoveries has a history of its own.

Fossils are the remains or impressions of a very old human which have turned into stone.  These are often embedded in rock, and are thus preserved for millions of years.

Stone tools made and used by early humans are available in various parts of Africa and Europe. Stone tools such as pebbles, sharp stones, stone blades etc were used for various purposes in early human life.

Paintings found on the walls of the caves in Europe and Africa are helping us to understand early human history.

Most scholars refused to accept that these objects were the remains of early humans. They did not believe the ability of early humans to make stone tools or paint. Because according to Old Testament of the Bible, human origin was an act of Creation by God. After a few years the true significance of these finds was realised.


How was Neanderthal man`s skull discovered?

Answer 2

                Story of Human Evolution

Phases of Evolution

Stage 1 – Early Societies

Stage 2  Hunter-gatherer Societies

Places of Evolution

The earliest fossils of modern humans where found in:

ETHIOPIA – 195,000-160,000 years ago,

SOUTH AFRICA – 120,000-50,000 years ago,

MOROCCO – 70,000-50,000 years ago,

ISRAEL – 100,000-80,000 years ago,

AUSTRALIA – 45,000-35,000 years ago,

BORNEO – 40,000 years ago,

FRANCE – 35,000 years ago.

The origin of human begins are divided into several stages:  

Primates –  A category of larger group of mammals, emerged in Asia and Africa.

Hominoids –  A subgroup subgroup amongst primates emerged by about 24 mya, called hominoids.

Hominids –  The evidence of the first hominids is found about 5.6 mya in Africa.

Comparison:

Modern Human

On one side some scholars feel that ethnographic data cannot be used for understanding past societies. They have not applied directly the specific data from present day hunter-gather societies to interpret the archeological remains of the post.

Hunter Human

Whereas, there are scholars who have directly applied specific data from present-day hunter-gatherer societies to interpret the archaeological remains of the past. They suggest that hominids sites  dated back to 2 mya.

PHASES OF STONE AGE

i. Paleolithic

ii. Mesolithic

iii. Neolithic