fuel and oxidant flow rate requirement for H formula
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While the fuel cell reaction is simple, the practical realization of a fuel cell is not so straight-forward. In the first place the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen will not take place spontaneously at ambient temperature,1 so the reaction must be catalyzed in low temperature fuel cells. In addition, while the oxygen that is required by a fuel cell can be provided from air, there is no ready source of hydrogen today. This means that the hydrogen for a fuel cell must be manufactured and in most fuel cells this is achieved by carrying out a process called reforming with natural gas. Reforming natural gas produces hydrogen but also generates carbon dioxide so that one of the clear environmental benefits of the fuel cell reaction, that it produces only water, is no longer applicable. In addition, the reforming of natural gas has an energy penalty, so that a fuel cell using natural gas is not as efficient as one that is fueled with pure hydrogen.