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29.(i) In Russia, peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them. Frequently, they refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords. Thus, they did not respect nobles. But in Europe, peasants respected nobles and fought for them.
(ii) Russian peasants were different from other European peasants in another way. They pooled their land together periodically and their commune (min) divided it according to the needs of individual families.
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30.(i) The philosophers played an important role in the French Revolution. They inspired the common mass of France with their revolutionary ideas and prepared them to fight against injustices.
(ii) They did not believe in the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch. In his Two Treatises of Government John Locke refuted this doctrine strongly.
(iii) Rousseau carried the idea forward proposing a form of government based on a social contract between people and their representatives.
(iv) In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the government between the legislative, the executive and the judiciary.
(v) The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee-houses and spread among people through books and newspapers. These were frequently read aloud in groups for the benefit of those who were illiterate. Thus, the philosophers contributed a lot in bringing of the French Revolution.
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31.Preamble is an introductory statement that states the source of authority, date of adoption, guiding principles, etc. Also, it specifies character and values like sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic, justice, liberty, equality, fraternity.
Republic: In a republic form of government, the head of the state is an elected person and not a heredity monarch
Liberty: It refers to the freedom on the activities of individuals.
Equality: All are equal in front of law.
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32.The challenges to free and fair elections in India include:
(I) Money power of candidates and political parties
(ii) Criminal elements entering the political fray
(iii) Family politics
(iv) Similarity of parties in policies and practice
(v) Disadvantages of smaller parties and independent candidates.
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33. 1. Unemployment with regards to every member in a family means there is no ready source of living , thus people suffer from lack of even adequate shelter , cloth , food etc thus lack of good economic conditions.
2. And where prevails such economic conditions , then we can surely say its the residence of worse social conditions too , since by Economics we have Sociality begins from economicity , i.e if there are good social conditions thus there are god economic conditions.Eg If one lives in a high society he/she has a high sense of developed sociality and the opposite is for the other
3. The most prevalent one as seen in India is Removal from the source of education , i.e people , even children are forced to take up odd menial jobs instead of studying books , which they are intended to.
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34.It is true that the land of India displays great physical variation.
(i) Geologically, the peninsular plateau constitutes one of the ancient landmasses on the earth's surface. It was supposed to be one of the most stable land blocks.
(ii) The Himalayas and the Northern Plains are the most recent land forms. From geological point of view, Himalayan mountains form an unstable zone. The whole mountain system of Himalayas represents a very youthful topography with high peaks, deep valleys and fast flowing rivers. (iii) The Northern Plains are formed of alluvial deposits. The Peninsular plateau is composed of generous and metamorphic rocks with gently rising hills and wide valleys.
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