Galileo galilei experiment
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Maybe the most famous scientific experiment is Galileo Galilei's dropping objects from the leaning tower of Pisa in order to prove that all objects fall at the same rate, whatever their mass.
Many think that this experiment was never performed by Galileo and it is only a legend, since there is no in existence an account by Galileo himself of such an experiment conducted by him, and it is accepted by many science historians that this experiment was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place. To learn more about this dispute see the link section below.
In his Two New Sciences (1634) Galileo discusses the mathematics (first to apply mathematics for physics analysis) of a simple type of motion what we call today uniform acceleration or constant acceleration. Then he proposes that heavy bodies actually fall in just that way and that if it was possible to create a vacuum, any two falling bodies would travel the same distance in the same time. On the basis of this proposal, he predicts about balls rolling down an inclined plane, Finally, he describes some inclined plane experiments corroborating his theory.
Galileo used inclined planes for his experiment to slow the acceleration enough so that the elapsed time could be measured. The ball was allowed to roll a known distance down the ramp, and the time taken for the ball to move the known distance was measured. The time was measured using a water clock.
Galileo showed that the motion on an inclined plane had constant acceleration, dependent only on the angle of the plane and not the mass of the rolling body. Galileo then argued, but couldn’t prove, that free-fall motion behaved in an analogous fashion because it was possible to describe a free-fall motion as an inclined plane motion with an angle of 90°. Using Newton’s laws, we can prove Galileo’s theory by decomposing the gravitational force, acting on the rolling balls, into two vectors, one perpendicular to the inclined plane and one parallel to it
Following his experiments, Galileo formulated the equation for a falling body or an object moving in uniform acceleration: d=1/2gt2.
The distinguished French historian of science Alexandre Koyré states that the experiments reported in Two New Sciences, to determine the law of acceleration of falling bodies, required accurate measurements of time, which appeared to be impossible with the technology of 1600. According to Koyré, the law was arrived at deductively, and the experiments were merely illustrative thought experiments.
However, Galileo's prominence lay in this that his theoretical (or practical?) work mentioned above established mechanics as a science and paved the way for Newton later in the century especially his mechanics and his law of universal gravitation.
Now, back to our falling bodies experiment. Some evidence shows that such experiments were really performed by various scientists and experimenters preceding Galileo's theoretical work about falling bodies and by this disproving Aristotle's assertion that heavier bodies fall faster than light ones.
As early as 1544, the historian Benedetto Varchi referred to actual tests which refuted Aristotle's assertion.
In 1576, Giuseppe Moletti, Galileo's predecessor in the chair of mathematics at the university of Padua, reported that bodies of the same material but different weight, as well as bodies of the same volume but different material, dropped from a height arrived at the Earth at the same time.
In 1597 Jacopo Mazzoni, of the University of Pisa, reported that he had observed objects falling at the same speed regardless of weight and pieces of an object descending at the same rate as the whole.
The most notorious of those is Simon Stevin that in 1586 (3 years before Galileo) reported that different weights fell a given distance in the same time. His experiments, with the help of his friend Jan Cornetts de Groot, were conducted using two lead balls, one being ten times the weight of the other, which he dropped thirty feet from the church tower in Delft. from the sound of the impacts they concluded that the spheres fell with the same speed, not as stated by Aristotle. Stevin is regarded by many as the first one to perform falling bodies experiments.
Nevertheless, there is some evidence that Stivens preceded Galileo, he didn't perform his experiment scientifically - he did not measure time as Galileo did or proposed, he didn't use mathematics as a tool to establish his theory, and as such no wonder that Galileo's theories were those that paved the way for Newton.
To sum up the debate, we think that Galileo should be credited with the falling bodies and inclined plane experiments since his work led to further scientific development while the contributions of others, that shouldn't be ignored, were if not meaningless then at least aimless.
Many think that this experiment was never performed by Galileo and it is only a legend, since there is no in existence an account by Galileo himself of such an experiment conducted by him, and it is accepted by many science historians that this experiment was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place. To learn more about this dispute see the link section below.
In his Two New Sciences (1634) Galileo discusses the mathematics (first to apply mathematics for physics analysis) of a simple type of motion what we call today uniform acceleration or constant acceleration. Then he proposes that heavy bodies actually fall in just that way and that if it was possible to create a vacuum, any two falling bodies would travel the same distance in the same time. On the basis of this proposal, he predicts about balls rolling down an inclined plane, Finally, he describes some inclined plane experiments corroborating his theory.
Galileo used inclined planes for his experiment to slow the acceleration enough so that the elapsed time could be measured. The ball was allowed to roll a known distance down the ramp, and the time taken for the ball to move the known distance was measured. The time was measured using a water clock.
Galileo showed that the motion on an inclined plane had constant acceleration, dependent only on the angle of the plane and not the mass of the rolling body. Galileo then argued, but couldn’t prove, that free-fall motion behaved in an analogous fashion because it was possible to describe a free-fall motion as an inclined plane motion with an angle of 90°. Using Newton’s laws, we can prove Galileo’s theory by decomposing the gravitational force, acting on the rolling balls, into two vectors, one perpendicular to the inclined plane and one parallel to it
Following his experiments, Galileo formulated the equation for a falling body or an object moving in uniform acceleration: d=1/2gt2.
The distinguished French historian of science Alexandre Koyré states that the experiments reported in Two New Sciences, to determine the law of acceleration of falling bodies, required accurate measurements of time, which appeared to be impossible with the technology of 1600. According to Koyré, the law was arrived at deductively, and the experiments were merely illustrative thought experiments.
However, Galileo's prominence lay in this that his theoretical (or practical?) work mentioned above established mechanics as a science and paved the way for Newton later in the century especially his mechanics and his law of universal gravitation.
Now, back to our falling bodies experiment. Some evidence shows that such experiments were really performed by various scientists and experimenters preceding Galileo's theoretical work about falling bodies and by this disproving Aristotle's assertion that heavier bodies fall faster than light ones.
As early as 1544, the historian Benedetto Varchi referred to actual tests which refuted Aristotle's assertion.
In 1576, Giuseppe Moletti, Galileo's predecessor in the chair of mathematics at the university of Padua, reported that bodies of the same material but different weight, as well as bodies of the same volume but different material, dropped from a height arrived at the Earth at the same time.
In 1597 Jacopo Mazzoni, of the University of Pisa, reported that he had observed objects falling at the same speed regardless of weight and pieces of an object descending at the same rate as the whole.
The most notorious of those is Simon Stevin that in 1586 (3 years before Galileo) reported that different weights fell a given distance in the same time. His experiments, with the help of his friend Jan Cornetts de Groot, were conducted using two lead balls, one being ten times the weight of the other, which he dropped thirty feet from the church tower in Delft. from the sound of the impacts they concluded that the spheres fell with the same speed, not as stated by Aristotle. Stevin is regarded by many as the first one to perform falling bodies experiments.
Nevertheless, there is some evidence that Stivens preceded Galileo, he didn't perform his experiment scientifically - he did not measure time as Galileo did or proposed, he didn't use mathematics as a tool to establish his theory, and as such no wonder that Galileo's theories were those that paved the way for Newton.
To sum up the debate, we think that Galileo should be credited with the falling bodies and inclined plane experiments since his work led to further scientific development while the contributions of others, that shouldn't be ignored, were if not meaningless then at least aimless.
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