Question

General characteristics of the movements in Poland ,Hungary Italy, Germany, Greece

Answer 1

Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class in Europe.The majority of the population though in all these countries was made up of the peasantry.In Western and parts of Central Europe, the growth of industrial production and trade led to the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market. In its wake, new social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionalsDuring the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress.Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.These revolutions were led by the liberal-nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class elite, among whom were professors, schoolteachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes.Individuals such as Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini founded societies with likeminded individuals drawn from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.They believed that the states had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations paving way for the unification of Italy, Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.?

Answer 2

The general characteristics of the movements in Poland ,Hungary Italy, Germany, Greece are as :

1.  The movements were started against the absolute monarchical and authoritarian system.

2. The movements were started by the commons against the monarchs and landed aristocrats.

3.  The movements demanded equality, liberty and justice.

4.  Philosophers and artists played an important role in influencing these movements.

5.  The movements were also influenced by the concept of modern-nation state.