Question

give 5 examples of human mutation and how did it happen?​

Answer 1

Answer:

Sickle-cell anemia is one of hundreds of life-threatening disorders that are known to be caused by a change in just one of those 3 billion A's, T's, C's, or G's. Because so many diseases are associated with mutations, it is common for mutations to have a negative connotation. However, while many mutations are indeed deleterious, others are "silent"; that is, they have no discernible effect on the phenotype of an individual and remain undetected unless a molecular biologist takes a DNA sample for sequence analysis. In addition, some mutations are actually beneficial. For example, the very same mutation that causes sickle-cell anemia in affected individuals (i.e., those people who have inherited two mutant copies of the beta globin gene) can confer a survival advantage to unaffected carriers (i.e., those people who have inherited one mutant copy and one normal copy of the gene, and who generally do not show symptoms of the disease) when these people are challenged with the malaria pathogen. As a result, the sickle-cell mutation persists in populations where malaria is endemic.

Beyond the individual level, perhaps the most dramatic effect of mutation relates to its role in evolution; indeed, without mutation, evolution would not be possible. This is because mutations provide the "raw material" upon which the mechanisms of natural selection can act. By way of this process, those mutations that furnish individual organisms with characteristics better adapted to changing environmental conditions are passed on to offspring at an increased rate, thereby influencing the future of the species.

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