Give a brief discussion on the french revolution
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Answer:
The French Revolution was a revolution in France from 1789 to 1799. The result of the French Revolution was the end of the monarchy. King Louis XVI was executed in 1793. The revolution ended when Napoleon Bonaparte took power in November 1799. In 1804, he became Emperor. Before 1789, France was ruled by the nobles and the Catholic Church. The ideas of the Enlightenment were beginning to make the ordinary people want more power. They could see that the American Revolution had created a country in which the people had power, instead of a king. The government before the revolution was called the "Ancient (old) Regime".
Explanation:
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The French Revolution began in May 1789 when the Ancien Régime was abolished in favour of a constitutional monarchy. Its replacement in September 1792 by the First French Republic led to the Execution of Louis XVI in January 1793, and an extended period of political turmoil. This culminated in the appointment of Napoleon as First Consul in November 1799, which is generally taken as its end point. Many of its principles are now considered the basis of modern Liberal democracy.[1]
The intellectual origins of the Revolution came from a global network of European and American 'patriots', who shared ideas and political principles, contacts accelerated by the American Revolution.[2] Together, they marked the beginning of the Age of Revolution, which continued into the mid-19th century and impacted much of Europe and the Americas.[3] However, the French quickly discarded the American Revolution as a reference point, and they are generally viewed as distinct events, with different causes.[4]
Between 1700 and 1789, the French population increased from 18 million to 26 million, leading to large numbers of unemployed, accompanied by sharp rises in food prices caused by years of bad harvests.[5] High levels of state debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War led to tax increases, borne disproportionately by the lower classes.[6] Exacerbated by an unusually cold winter in 1788/1789, widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates General in May 1789.
The Estates were split into three separate houses, which allowed the Nobility and Clergy to outvote the Third Estate representing the vast majority of the population. In June, the Commons invited the other two Estates to join them in the National Assembly; initially led by moderates like Lafayette, it became increasingly radical. The July Storming of the Bastille was followed by the abolition of feudalism in August, while the October Women's March on Versailles forced the royal court back to Paris.
The next three years were dominated by the political struggle between Louis XVI and the Legislative Assembly; his refusal to approve reforms and concerns external powers were preparing to intervene on his behalf led to the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792. Public unrest at high prices, political stalemate and military defeat resulted in the Insurrection of 10 August 1792, abolition of the monarchy and establishment of the First French Republic on 22 September 1792. Its goals were to unify the French people by introducing fairer taxes and democratic elections, but Louis' execution in January 1793 caused deep divisions between moderate Girondins and more radical Montagnards.
European powers like Austria viewed the Revolution as a threat to their own regimes, and its course was closely shaped by external threats. In February 1793, the Assembly announced a new levée en masse or conscription law, triggering widespread unrest in South-West France; in June, popular agitation led by the Jacobin clubs in Paris removed the Girondin government. Dominated by Maximilien Robespierre, the Committee of Public Safety imposed price controls on food, abolished slavery, established universal suffrage and replaced the Catholic church with the Cult of the Supreme Being.
However, politics was increasingly dominated by the Reign of Terror, an attack on alleged "counter-revolutionaries"; when it ended in July 1794, over 3,000 had been executed in Paris alone, including Robespierre. An executive council known as the Directory took control in November 1795. They suspended elections, repudiated debts (creating financial instability in the process), persecuted the Catholic clergy, and made significant military conquests on the Italian Peninsula.[7]:393–7 Dogged by charges of corruption, the Directory collapsed in a coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799. Napoleon, who ended and became the hero of the Revolution, established the Consulate and later the First French Empire.
The Revolution resulted in the suppression of the feudal system, emancipation of the individual, a greater division of landed property, abolition of the privileges of noble birth, and nominal establishment of equality among men. The Revolution also witnessed the birth of total war by organising the resources of France and the lives of its citizens towards the objective of national defence.[10] Globally, the Revolution became the focal point for the development of most modern political ideologies, leading to the spread of liberalism, radicalism, nationalism, and secularism, among many others, accelerating the rise of republics and democracies. The values and institutions of the Revolution dominate French politics to this day. Many historians regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history