give an account of administrative system of Maratha
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Answer:
shivaji ruled his kingdom with the help of a council of eight ministers (asthapradans) the most valued ministerial ranks were those held by peshwa(the prime minister) and senapati(the chief commander of army). land revenue was main source of income for Maratha government
Answer:
It was founded by Shivaji for the sound system of administration which was greatly inspired from the Deccan style of administration. Most of the administrative reforms were inspired from Malik Amber reforms in Ahmednagar.
The King was the supreme head of state who was assisted by a group of eight ministers known as the ‘Ashtapradhan’.
The Asthapradhan
Peshwa or the Chief Minister- He looked after general administration.
Amatya or Majumdar- Accountant general, he later became revenue and finance mnister.
Sachiv or Surunavis- Also called Chitnis; he looked after the Royal correspondence.
Sumant or Dabir- Foreign affairs and the master of Royal ceremonies.
Senapati or Sari-i-Naubat- Military commander. He looked after the recruitment, training and discipline of army.
Mantri or Waqia Navis- Personal safety of the king, he looked after the intelligence, post and household affairs.
Nyayadhish- Administration of Justice
Punditrao- Looking after charitable and religious affairs of the state. He worked for the moral upliftment of the people.
Apart from the departmental duties, three of the ministers- Peshwas, Schiva and the Mantri were also given incharge of extensive provinces.
All ministers, except the Panditrao and the Nyayadish, had to serve in a war whenever necessary.
Minister was assisted by a staff of eight clerks
Diwan – secretary
Mujumdar – auditor and accountant
Fadnis – deputy auditor
Sabnis or Daftardar – office incharge
Karkhanis – commissary
Chitins – correspondence clerk
Jamdar – treasurer
Potnis – cashier
Shivaji divided entire territory into three provinces, each under a viceroy. He further divided the provinces into Prants then Pargana and Tarafs. The lowest unit was the village which was headed by its headman or Patel.
Revenue Administration
Shivaji abolished the Jagirdari System and replaced with Ryotwari System, and changes in the position of hereditary revenue officials which was popularly known as Deshmukhs, Deshpande, Patils and Kulkarnis.
Shivaji strictly supervised the Mirasdars who had hereditary rights in land.
The revenue system was patterned on the Kathi system of Malik Amber. According to this system, every piece of land was measured by Rod or Kathi.
Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were other sources of income: Chauth was amounted to 1/4th of the standard which was paid to Marathas as a safeguard against Shivaji’s forces plundering or raiding Non-Maratha territories. Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of 10 percent demanded from areas outside from the kingdom.
Military Administration
Shivaji organised a disciplined and efficient army. The ordinary soldiers were paid in cash, but big chief and military commander were paid through jagir grants (Saranjam or Mokasa).
The army consists of Infantry i.e. Mavali foot soldiers; Cavalry i.e. Horse riders and equipment holders; Navy.
Military Personnel
Sar-i-Naubat (Senapati)- Incharge of army
Qiladars- Officers of Forts
Nayak- Head of the member unit of infantry
Havaldar- Head of five Nayaks
Jumladar- Head of five Nayaks
Ghuraw- Boats laden with guns
Gallivat- Rowing boats 40-50 rowers
Paik- Foot Soldiers
The army was effective instrument of policies of Marathas State where rapidity of movement was the most important factors. Only in the rainy season, the army get rested otherwise rest of the year was engaged in expeditions.
Pindaries were allowed to accompany the army who were allowed to collect “Pal-Patti” which was 25% of war booty.
Conclusion
Maratha’s system of administration was largely borrowed from the administrative practices of the Deccan states. Hence, the Marathas had important positions among administrative and military system in the contemporary kingdoms especially Ahmednagar and Bijapur.
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