give an account Of all different soil types found in india. IN DETAIL.
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Answer:
In India, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has classified soils into 8 categories. Alluvial Soil, Black Cotton Soil, Red Soil, Laterite Soil, Mountainous or Forest Soils, Arid or Desert Soil, Saline and Alkaline Soil, Peaty, and Marshy Soil are the categories of Indian Soil.
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Alluvial Soil. -Mostly available soil in India (about 43%) which covers an area of 143 sq.km.
Widespread in northern plains and river valleys.
In peninsular-India, they are mostly found in deltas and estuaries.
Humus, lime and organic matters are present.
Highly fertile
Black Soil. -Black soils are derivatives of trap lava and are spread mostly across interior Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh on the Deccan lava plateau and the Malwa Plateau, where there is both moderate rainfall and underlying basaltic rock.
Red Soil. --Red soil in India. Red soils denote the third largest soil group of India covering an area of about 3.5 lakhs sq. km (10.6% of India's area) over the Peninsula from Tamil Nadu in the south to Bundelkhand in the north and Rajmahal hills in the east to Katchch in the west.
Laterite Soil. -In India, laterite soil is widespread, covering over 10% of the total geographical area, namely on the summits of the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats (Rajamahal Hills, Vindhyas, Satpuras, and Malwa Plateau), southern parts of Maharashtra, parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal Orissa, Jharkhand, Kerala, Assam,
Mountain Soil. -Mountain soils are usually less fertile than in lowlands and steep slopes accelerate erosion, with broad effects on larger downstream ecosystems. While mountain landscapes can be harsh habitats, the result of humans abandoning them can be adverse
Alkaline Soil. Alkali, or Alkaline, soils are clay soils with high pH (> 8.5), a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. Often they have a hard calcareous layer at 0.5 to 1 metre depth.
Desert Soil. Desert soil is mostly sandy soil (90–95%) found in low-rainfall regions. It has a low content of nitrogen and organic matter with very high calcium carbonate and phosphate, thus making it infertile. The amount of calcium is 10 times higher in the lower layer than in the topsoil.
Peaty and Marshy Soil.Peaty – Marshy Soils
These are soils with large amount of organic matter and considerable amount of soluble salts. The most humid regions have this type of soil. They are black, heavy and highly acidic.