give an account of the cheif feature of the administration of these Kingdom which flourshed from AD 700 to ad1200
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History of India During (650-1200 A.D)
A. The Central Government:
The republican states were wiped out of existence by this time in India and monarchy was the only accepted form of government in its every part. But no Indian ruler could form an all-India empire during this age. In the past, the ambitious and powerful monarchs had attempted to create extensive empires and unify the country under one rule The Mauryas had largely succeeded in it.
They had established an empire which covered nearly all territories of India and even extended beyond its natural frontiers. No other ruler or dynasty could succeed in this field as compared to the Mauryas. However, the ideal of an all-India empire persisted and was attempted by many other rulers. The Guptas partially succeeded in it by bringing the entire north India under their control and claiming suzerainty over a part of south India.
After them the attempt was repeated by emperor Harsha, the Palas and the Gurjara-Pratiharas in the north. In the south, the ideal was attempted by the Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas, the Pallavas and Cholas. But the attempts of all of them brought them only partial success. Then, the ideal itself was lost. India was divided into regional states and remained so during the so-called Rajput age and the coming of the Muslims in India.
The Jagirdari system among the Rajputs helped in enhancing the regional loyalties and, thereby, formation of regional States. Therefore, when the Turks invaded India they found it divided into many states which were constantly fighting against each other. They failed to unite themselves against a common enemy and therefore, were defeated one by one.
The king was the head of the state. All powers, judicial, executive and legislative, were concentrated in his hands. He was also the Commander-in-Chief of the army. The office of the king was hereditary.
B. Provincial and Local Government:
The kingdom was divided into provinces (Mandala, Bhukti), provinces into Visaya or Nadu, Visaya into districts or Kurrama and then lastly into villages for the convenience of administration. The head of the provincial administration was Rajapala, Rajaputra or Mandalesvara.
Similarly, there were various senior and junior officers to look after the administration at different places within the kingdom. The administration of the village was mostly in the hands of hereditary local officers. The Cholas had established the most efficient system of local self- government.
Feudalism and Its Effects:
In the North, feudalism grew during the age of the great Guptas while, in the South, it had its origin during the rule of the Satavahanas. It originated when the kings started granting land and even villages to the Purohitas attached to the temples. The grantee was not only free from payment of revenue to the state but also became the owner of the donated land or villages in all respects.
This system grew sharply from the 7th century onwards and was perfected during the so- called Rajput age. From the 7th century onwards, the rulers started the practice of granting land to their relatives and officers also in lieu of their services in place of salaries or cash grants. It resulted in the formation of that system which has been called feudalism or jagirdari-system.
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