Give any two human factors which bring changes on earth's surface.
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Man-made Causes of Climate Change
We are accelerating the rate of climate change far past what the influence of the sun or any natural forcer could achieve. Processes in our daily lives are expelling chemicals and foreign substances into the air that affect and increase the natural greenhouse gases, which then absorb more energy from the sun. This results in global warming and changes the climate.
Greenhouse Gas Emission
Greenhouse gas emission is said to be the largest man-made climate forcer as it is so prevalent and large-scale. Greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere and they serve to absorb and radiate the Sun’s heat. around the globe for the benefit of life. Humans are now producing large amounts of these gasses on such a level that it has upset energy balance.
Some of these greenhouse gases are long-lived like carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, so the damage they cause is obvious. However, short-lived substances like methane still affect the energy balance as they are very potent and there are so many of them. Moreover, human activity continues to release them into the atmosphere.
Fossil Fuel Usage
Fossil fuel burning produces, among other chemicals, carbon dioxide that is the primary greenhouse gas forcer of climate change. In itself it is not a particularly warming gas, but the amount that we are emitting into the atmosphere makes it the most damaging. It also has a long life in the atmosphere, only fully dissipating after 50,000 years during which time it continues to absorb and radiate heat.
Black Carbon
Another by-product of fossil fuels is black carbon, which is produced when fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass are not properly combusted and emit soot. It enters the atmosphere as fine particles (aerosols) and absorbs large amounts of heat and infrared radiation. The majority of black carbon in the U.S. is emitted from vehicles, especially diesel-fuelled ones. Wildfires and industrial and residential heating are also black carbon emitters.
Black carbon is drifted across the globe on winds, and can be deposited on snow or ice. This darkens snow or ice, thus increasing its ability to absorb heat. This, in turn, forces the ice to melt faster.
Industrial Production & Farming
Emissions from factories contribute directly to the greenhouse effect while runoff waste alters the chemical make-up of water and air. Chemical pesticides, herbicides and fungicides used in industrial farming also wreak havoc to the atmosphere. Livestock farming also releases large amounts of methane into the air, driving up the amount of greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere.
Agriculture
Agriculture accounts for 14% of total greenhouse gas emissions, and with the need for more agriculture to provide for our ever-growing needs, its impact is growing rapidly. The main agricultural contributors to climate forcers include carbon released from farmland soil by inappropriate farming and grazing practices.
Changes in land use for agriculture is also a large contributor to climate change. Tillage and water rerouting has accelerated soil erosion, soil organic matter has been lost due to chemicals, and soil itself has been altered and polluted by chemical fertilizers, all of which affect the atmosphere with various emissions.
Deforestation
Vast swatches of primary forests are being wiped out to make way for unsustainable farming, urbanization or for logging and the production of paper goods. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, so as more trees are cut down, the level of carbon dioxide in the air will increase. In short, deforestation affects climate in a big way.
Urbanization
As our populations increase and our cities reach maximum capacity, we start to expand them in what is called urban sprawl. This decreases the amount of vegetation available to absorb carbon dioxide. In turn, urbanization means more greenhouse gas, pollution and waste output.
Other damaging side effects of urbanization include the Heat Island Effect: air and surface temperatures are driven higher above urban areas than above rural areas due to concentrated usage of fossil fuels, electricity etc. As urban areas grow, so will the number of heat islands, which will drive up the overall atmospheric temperature. A side effect of this side effect is that water vapor above urban areas will also be driven up, causing more clouds and rain.
We are accelerating the rate of climate change far past what the influence of the sun or any natural forcer could achieve. Processes in our daily lives are expelling chemicals and foreign substances into the air that affect and increase the natural greenhouse gases, which then absorb more energy from the sun. This results in global warming and changes the climate.
Greenhouse Gas Emission
Greenhouse gas emission is said to be the largest man-made climate forcer as it is so prevalent and large-scale. Greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere and they serve to absorb and radiate the Sun’s heat. around the globe for the benefit of life. Humans are now producing large amounts of these gasses on such a level that it has upset energy balance.
Some of these greenhouse gases are long-lived like carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, so the damage they cause is obvious. However, short-lived substances like methane still affect the energy balance as they are very potent and there are so many of them. Moreover, human activity continues to release them into the atmosphere.
Fossil Fuel Usage
Fossil fuel burning produces, among other chemicals, carbon dioxide that is the primary greenhouse gas forcer of climate change. In itself it is not a particularly warming gas, but the amount that we are emitting into the atmosphere makes it the most damaging. It also has a long life in the atmosphere, only fully dissipating after 50,000 years during which time it continues to absorb and radiate heat.
Black Carbon
Another by-product of fossil fuels is black carbon, which is produced when fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass are not properly combusted and emit soot. It enters the atmosphere as fine particles (aerosols) and absorbs large amounts of heat and infrared radiation. The majority of black carbon in the U.S. is emitted from vehicles, especially diesel-fuelled ones. Wildfires and industrial and residential heating are also black carbon emitters.
Black carbon is drifted across the globe on winds, and can be deposited on snow or ice. This darkens snow or ice, thus increasing its ability to absorb heat. This, in turn, forces the ice to melt faster.
Industrial Production & Farming
Emissions from factories contribute directly to the greenhouse effect while runoff waste alters the chemical make-up of water and air. Chemical pesticides, herbicides and fungicides used in industrial farming also wreak havoc to the atmosphere. Livestock farming also releases large amounts of methane into the air, driving up the amount of greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere.
Agriculture
Agriculture accounts for 14% of total greenhouse gas emissions, and with the need for more agriculture to provide for our ever-growing needs, its impact is growing rapidly. The main agricultural contributors to climate forcers include carbon released from farmland soil by inappropriate farming and grazing practices.
Changes in land use for agriculture is also a large contributor to climate change. Tillage and water rerouting has accelerated soil erosion, soil organic matter has been lost due to chemicals, and soil itself has been altered and polluted by chemical fertilizers, all of which affect the atmosphere with various emissions.
Deforestation
Vast swatches of primary forests are being wiped out to make way for unsustainable farming, urbanization or for logging and the production of paper goods. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, so as more trees are cut down, the level of carbon dioxide in the air will increase. In short, deforestation affects climate in a big way.
Urbanization
As our populations increase and our cities reach maximum capacity, we start to expand them in what is called urban sprawl. This decreases the amount of vegetation available to absorb carbon dioxide. In turn, urbanization means more greenhouse gas, pollution and waste output.
Other damaging side effects of urbanization include the Heat Island Effect: air and surface temperatures are driven higher above urban areas than above rural areas due to concentrated usage of fossil fuels, electricity etc. As urban areas grow, so will the number of heat islands, which will drive up the overall atmospheric temperature. A side effect of this side effect is that water vapor above urban areas will also be driven up, causing more clouds and rain.
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