give five limitations of aufbau principle ?
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Limitation of Aufbau Principle
1. The Aufbau principle cannot be used to predict electron configuration of atoms on ionization. In other words, it does not tell us which electrons are to be removed when an ion is formed form an atom. For example, the configuration of Fe based on Aufbau principle is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6. It has been experimentally confirmed by spectral and magnetic studies than tFe2+ has configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 and not 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4. It means that ionization results in the loss of 4s electrons in preference to 3d electron even thought the 3d were the last to be added in building up the configuration of Fe atom. It means that in Fe2+ ,3d has lower energy than 4s which is contrary to Aufbau order of filling. This can be said of any transition element on ionization.
2. Although (n-1) d subshells and ns subshells lie quite close together , yet the former is somewhat higher in energy. Accordingly the predicted Aufbau outer configurations of Cr (Z = 34) is .....3d4 5s2 but the experimentally supported configuration is ....3d5 4s1.
3. In the sixth period , 4f and 5d subshells are exceedingly close in energy . At lanthanum (Z = 57),the last electron does not go to 4f as predicted in Aufbau order but is added to 5d subshell to give it a configuration ....4d10 5s3 5p6 5d1 6s3. However, the next electron for valium (Z =58) is added to the 4f subshell and the previous electron in 5d in lanthanum is also shifted to 4f to give it a configuration ....4d10 5s2 5d6 4f2 5d0 6s2.
4. The Aufbau order configuration of zirconium (Z =40) is ....5s2 4d2 and that the predicted order for the next element niobium Nb (Z =41) would be ...5s2 4d3 . However, the observed configuration of Nb is... 5s1 4d4. It is understandable that the next element molybdenum Mo (Z =42) acquires.....5s1 4d5 configuration due to higher stability associated with half-filled configuration. However, the next element technetium Tc (Z =43) with observed configuration 5s1 4d6 in place of predicated 5s2 4d6 shows that the preference for half-filled or completely-filled configuration is not the only controlling factor but some complex nucleus=electron and electron-electron forces also have some role to plat in deterring these configuration.
5. In case of palladium pd (Z=46), the predicted Aufbau configuration is 5s2 4d8 but the experimentally observed configuration is 5s0 4d10. This is perhaps the only case where the observed configuration has two misplaced electron.
Limitations of Aufbau's principle are -
1) Aufbau's principle is unable to tell the electronic configuration of the ions (both +ve or -ve) formed from the normal atoms.
2) The electronic configuration of copper and chromium are also not clarified by the Aufbau's principle.
3) The electronic configuration of Palladium by the Aufbau's principle method is wrong as compared with the practical electronic configuration.
4) The elements of d and f blocks, don't follow this rule for all the time.
5) The electronic configuration of zirconium is also misinterpreted by this principle.