Give me summary of The Rise of Nationalism In Europe.
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Answers
➢ During the 19th century nationalism
emerged as a force in Europe.
➢ It brought about sweeping changes in the
political and mental world of Europe which
resulted in emergence of the nation-state.
➢ The French Revolution (1789) paved the way
for the modern state.
➢ The French Revolutionaries introduced
various measures and practices like, la patrie
(the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen)
amongst the French people.
➢ A centralised administrative system and a
uniform law for all citizens was introduced.
➢ Napoleon had incorporated revolutionary
principle by introducing the Civil Code of 1804,
which was known as Napoleonic code.
➢ There were no nation states in the mid-18th
century Europe. There were number of
kingdoms.
➢ There were some important factors which
led to the nation states.
➢ A landed aristocracy was the dominant class
on the continent.
➢ Due to industrialisation, the new social
groups a working class population and middle
classes made up of industrialists,
businessmen, professionals came into being.
➢ In the early 19th century, ideas of national
unity were closely related to the ideology of
liberalism.
➢ There were movements throughout the 19th
and early 20th century for universal suffrage.
➢ Liberalism stood for the freedom of markets
and the abolition of state imposed restrictions
on the movement of goods and capital.
➢ Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815,
European Governments were driven by a spirit
of conservatism.
➢ The European powers who had collectively
defeated Napoleon met at Vienna and signe up the Treaty of Vienna in 1815.
➢ Their main intention was to restore the
monarchies that has been overthrown by
Napoleon and create a new conservative order
in Europe.
➢ Many regions like Italy, Germany, Ireland,
Poland the provinces of Ottoman Empire has
witnessed the age of revolution between 1830
to 1848.
➢ The first upheaval took place in France in
July 1830.
➢ There was a struggle for independence in
Greece.
➢ Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1932
recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Answer:
Transfer from monarchy to body of French citizens – people constitute the nation and shape the destiny
The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights
New French tricolor flag to replace former royal standard
Estates General was elected and renamed as National Assembly
Centralized administrative system with uniform laws for citizens within territory
Abolish internal custom duties and dues
Formulate uniform system of weights and measures
French became a common language and regional dialects were discouraged
Aim to liberate people of Europe from despotism
Establishment of Jacobin clubs – French army moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy in 1970s
Developments under Napoleon – Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code) did away with privileges based on birth, established equality and secured right to property. He abolished feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom. He removed guild restriction and improved transportation.
Unification of Germany – Bismarck – constitution, freedom of press and freedom of association
Unification of Italy – Mazzini, later Garibaldi
Mazzini formed Young Italy in Marseilles & Young Europe in Berne (1833).
Developments in Balkan state – ethnic diversity