Give reasons for the following:
(a) Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.
(b) Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it.
(c) The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an Index of Prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century.
(d) Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of association.
Class 10 History NCERT
Answers
Solution:
(a) Woodblock print was invented around the sixth century in China. It came to Europe, along with Marco Polo, an Italian explorer who stayed for several years in China. In 1295, he returned to Italy. Thereafter, the Italian began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.
(b) Martin Luther was a great religious reformer of Germany. He was deeply grateful to print. He considered print as the ultimate gift of God. It was through print that people could be induced to think differently and motivated to take action.
In 1517, Martin Luther wrote 95 theses, he criticized many practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. Through the publications of his protestant ideas, Martin Luther challenged the orthodox practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely.
This led to a division within the Church and Protestant Reformation gained momentum. Luther's translation of the New Testament sold 5,000 copies within in a few weeks and a second edition appeared within three months. In this way, print culture gave rise to a new intellectual atmosphere and helped in spreading new ideas. Therefore, Martin Luther was in favour of print and praise it tremendously.
(c) The Roman Catholic Church had to face many dissents from the mid-16th century onwards. People had written many books that interpreted God and the creation in their own ways or as they liked. Therefore, the church banned such books and kept the record of such banned books. It was called the Index of Prohibited Books. For instance, Menocchio, a miller in Italy, began to read books that were available in his locality. He reinterpreted the message of the Bible and formulated a view of God and creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Church, troubled by such effects of popular readings and questions of faith, imposed severe control in the form of maintaining an index of prohibited books.
(d) Gandhi considered that the liberty of speech, liberty of press and freedom of association were the three most powerful vehicles of expressing and cultivating public opinion. If a country wants to get freedom from foreign domination then these liberties are very important. Therefore, he said the fight for Swaraj was a fight for liberty of speech, press, and freedom for association. No nation could ever survive in the absence of these liberties.
Answer:
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